Katharine's questions

Question 1

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones (ciprofloxacin)?

Answer 1

Inhibits DNA synthesis

Question 2

Where is magnesium stored?

Answer 2

The bones

Question 3

Which type of collagen is involved in the healing process?

Answer 3

Initially, collagen 3 is produced early in the wound healing process and gradually, collagen 1 becomes the predominant collagen during later healing

Question 4

Which cervical vertebra has a non-bifid process?

Answer 4

C7

This means it can be felt on palpation

Question 5

Describe the anatomical course of the spinal accessory nerve with respect to the sternoclemastoid muscle?

Answer 5

Pierces the steroclemastoid muscle between its two heads
Then leaves the posterior border of the sternoclemastoid to enter posterior triangle of neck and travels posterioinferiorly across posterior triangle

Question 6

Describe the urine in a patient with metabolic acidosis?

Answer 6

Urine has LOW pH - the kidney attempts to excrete more hydrogen ions in presence of metabolic acidosis, causing lower pH

Urine with pH <5.5 can be indicative of severe metabolic acidosis

Question 7

What does a negative urine anion gap suggest about ammonium excretion in the urine?

Answer 7

Negative anion gap suggests increase in ammonium being secreted, which is a compensatory response seen in metabolic acidosis

Question 8

Compare Bochdalek and Morgagni hernias in terms of location and symptoms?

Answer 8

Morgagni hernia - occurs through anterior retrosternal or parasternal defect in the diaphragm. Can present with recurrent LRTIs, abdominal pain/upset. Usually occurs on right side

Bochdalek hernia- occurs through posterolateral defect in diaphragm, most commonly on left side. Severe symptoms in neonates, including resp distress due to hypoplasia or herniation of abdominal contents

Question 9

What forms the middle layer of the spermatic cord fascia?

What forms the outer and inner layer of spermatic cord fascia?

Answer 9

Middle layer = cremaster muscle

Inner layer= internal spermatic fascia, derived from transversalis fascia

Outer layer = external spermatic fascia, derived from external oblique aponeurosis

Question 10

Which vessel does the left testicular vein drain into?

Answer 10

The left renal vein

Question 11

Do the vagus nerve and phrenic nerve pass anterior or posterior to the lung roots?

Answer 11

Phrenic nerve= anterior to lung roots

Vagus nerve = posterior to lung roots

Question 12

Which structures sits superior to the right lung root and left lung root respectively?

Answer 12

Right lung root = Azygous vein

Left lung root = Aortic arch