Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormones are released from anterior pituitary ?

A

GH
TSH
LH & FSH
ACTH
Prolactin
Melanocyte releasing hormone

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2
Q

Which hormones are released from Posterior pituitary ?

A

Oxytocin
ADH

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3
Q

What is the mneumonic to remember branches of external carotid?

A

“Some Ancient Lovers Find Old Positions More Stimulating”

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4
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid?

A

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

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5
Q

What does “face, ear, taste, tear” demonstrate?

A

Supply of facial nerve:
Muscles of facial expression
Nerve to stapedius
Taste to ant 2/3 of tongue
Parasympathetic fibres to lacrimal and salivary glands

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6
Q

Which foramen is cartilaginous and closed?

A

Foreman Lacerum

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7
Q

Which formamen does olfactory nerve pass through?

A

Cribriform foramina

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8
Q

Which nerve and artery pass through optic canal?

A

Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery

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9
Q

Which 4 CNs pass through superior orbital fissure?

A

CN 3, 4, 6 & Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1)

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10
Q

Name the foramen which the 3 branches of trigeminal nerve pass through?

A

V1 - Ophthalmic - Superior orbital fissure
V2 - Maxillary - Foramen Rotundum
V3 - Mandibular - Foramen Ovale

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11
Q

Which foramen transmits the middle meningeal artery?

A

Foramen spinosum

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12
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

The maxillary artery (which is a branch of the external carotid)

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13
Q

The internal carotid artery passes over the surface of which foramen?

A

Foramen Lacerum - internal carotid passes over it’s superior aspect

The foramen itself is cartilaginous

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14
Q

Which 2 CNs pass through the internal auditory meatus?

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

Which 3 CNs pass through the Jugular foramen?

A

CN 9, 10, 11

Glossopharygeal
Vagus
Accessory (the cranial part of accessory nerve)

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16
Q

Which foramen does the hypoglossal nerve pass through?

A

The hypoglossal canal

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17
Q

What 3 components pass through the Foramen Magnum?

A

Medulla Oblongata
Vertebral arteries
Spinal part of accessory nerve

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18
Q

Which artery passes through foramen spinosum? What is it a branch of?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery

A branch of the maxillary artery, which is a terminal branch of external carotid

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19
Q

Name the 4 branches of the basilar artery? (inferior to superior)

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Labrythine arteries
Pontine arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries

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20
Q

Which foramen do the labrythine arteries pass through, with which 2 CNs?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

alongside the facial nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve

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21
Q

What does the basilar artery bifurcate into?
What do these form?

A

Left and right posterior cerebral arteries

The posterior part of the circle of willis

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22
Q

Which artery can be decompressed to treat trigeminal neuralgia?

A

Superior cerebral artery

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23
Q

Branches of which 2 arteries make up the circle of willis?

A

Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery

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24
Q

Which 3 muscles does musclocutaneous nerve supply?

A

Biceps
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

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25
Q

Which nerve is responsible for supination and extension of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

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26
Q

Which nerve is responsible for pronation and flexion of the forearm ?

A

Median nerve

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27
Q

Which nerve comes off the inferior trunk of brachial plexus (C8-T1)

A

Ulnar nerve

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28
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral 2 lumbricals, abductor pollicus brevis, flexor pollicus brevis, opponens pollicus?

A

median nerve

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29
Q

Which muscles make up the thenar muscles?

A

Lateral 2 lumbricals
Abductor pollicus brevis
Flexor pollicus brevis
Opponens pollicus

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30
Q

Which nerve innervates all intrinsic muscles of the hand except the thenar muscles?

A

Deep branch of Ulnar nerve

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31
Q

Compare the muscles of the hand innervated by the ulnar nerve v median nerve?

A

Ulnar - all intrinsic muscles of the hand except thenar muscles

Median nerve - thenar muscles
(lat 2 lumbricals, abductor pollicus brevis, flexor pollicus brevis, opponens pollicus)

“ABsolutley F**ked”

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32
Q

Which is the only muscle of the hand innervated by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve?

A

Palmaris Brevis

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33
Q

Compare the innervation of ABductor pollicus brevis vs ADDuctor pollicus brevis?

A

ABductor pollicus brevis = Median nerve

ADDuctor pollicus brevis = Ulnar nerve (deep branch)

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34
Q

Which nerve innervates tricep?

A

Radial nerve

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35
Q

Name 3 nerves affected in erb’s palsy?

A

Axillary
Musclocutaenous
Suprascapular

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36
Q

Compare which trunks are affected in Erb’s palsy and claw hand (Klumpkes) deformity?

A

Erb’s palsy - C5, C6
axillary, musculocutaenous, suprascapular

Claw hand (Klumpkes) deformity - C8 - T1
Ulnar nerve

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37
Q

Which nerve most likely to be injured in medial condyle #?

A

Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)

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38
Q

Damage to which nerve is associated with wrist drop?

Damage to which bone, where, predisposes to its injury?

A

Radial nerve

Can be damaged in MIDSHAFT humeral #s

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39
Q

Compare nerves affected in surgical neck of humerus #s and humeral mid shaft #s?

A

Surgical neck of humerus #s - axillary nerve

Humeral mid shaft #s - radial nerve
(Radial wRaps round the humerus)

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40
Q

Name the levels the oesophagus, aorta and vena cava traverse the diaphragm?

A

T8 - Vena cava
T10 - Oesophagus
T12 - Aorta

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41
Q

What 3 structures contained in the thoracic outlet?

A

Brachial plexus
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein

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42
Q

Which nerve roots most commonly affected in thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

The lower cervical roots (C8-T1)
Ie - ulnar distribution

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43
Q

Which nerve is the cricothyroid supplied by?

A

The external laryngeal nerve (not recurrent)

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44
Q

Which compartment of the leg is supplied by the deep fibular nerve?

A

Anterior compartment of the leg

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45
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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46
Q

Name the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower limb?

A

Tibialis anterior - strongest dorsiflexor
Extensor Digitorum longus
Extensor hallicus longus
Peroneus tertius

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47
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the lower limb ?

A

The Deep fibular nerve

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48
Q

Damage to which nerve results in foot drop? (inability to dorsiflex foot)

A

Damage to common fibular nerve

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49
Q

Describe the nerve roots of the deep fibular nerve?

A

L4-S2

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50
Q

Compare which muscles form the medial and lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Lateral border - abductor pollicus longus, extensor pollicus brevis

Medial border - extensor pollicus longus

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51
Q

What nerve roots are tested in the ankle reflex?

A

S1 and S2

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52
Q

Which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform bone

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53
Q

Compare the percentages of blood supplied to the liver by the portal vein and the hepatic artery?

A

Portal vein supplies 70%

Hepatic artery supplies 30%

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54
Q

What is the most common position for the appendix to lie?

A

Retroceacal

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55
Q

What nerve is the middle meningeal artery closely associated with?

A

The auriculotemporal nerve

Can be damaged during surgery, resulting in parasthesia of the affected ear

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56
Q

What is the level of the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

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57
Q

What is the course of the median nerve relative to the brachial artery in the upper arm?

A

Lateral to anterior to medial

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58
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius muscle?

What action does this have on the scapula ?

A

Spinal accessory nerve

Retracts scapula and upwardly rotates it

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59
Q

Name the 3 components of the epiploic foramen?

A

Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Common bile duct

Can be clamped during liver surgery to control bleeding - Pringles manoeuvre

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60
Q

Which nerve is responsible for innervation of the lateral aspect of the flexor digitorum profundus?

What nerve is this a branch of?

A

Anterior Interosseous nerve

It is a branch of the median nerve

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61
Q

Compare the lateral and medial innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus?

Describe the digits that this distribution covers

A

Lateral innervation = Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve). Digits 2-3

Medial innervation = Ulnar nerve. Digits 4-5.

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62
Q

Which nerve innervates all hip adductors?

A

Orbturator nerve

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63
Q

Compare the superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries- from which artery do they all branch from?

A

Superior adrenal arteries - Inferior Phrenic artery

Middle adrenal arteries - aorta

Inferior adrenal arteries - renal arteries

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64
Q

Which nerve is closely associated to the short saphenous vein and can be damaged in surgery?

A

Sural nerve

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65
Q

Which artery does the gastroduodenal artery arise from?

A

Common hepatic artery

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66
Q

Compare the innervation of stapedius and tensor tympani muscles?

A

Stapedius - facial nerve

Tensor Tympani - mandibular branch of the Trigeminal nerve

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67
Q

Damage to innervation to muscle is associated with winged scapula? What is it innervated by?

A

Serratus anterior

Innervated by long thoracic nerve

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68
Q

Which nerve supplies posterior muscles of the lower limb and is responsible for plantar flexion and inversion?

A

Tibial nerve

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69
Q

Which nerve supplies anterior and lateral muscles of the lower limb and is responsible for dorsiflexion and eversion?

A

Common fibular nerve

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70
Q

Compare the tibial nerve with the common fibular nerve.

Ie - innervation and action of the muscles

A

Tibial nerve - posterior compartment. Plantarflexion and inversion

Common Fibular - anterior and lateral compartments. Dorsiflexion and eversion

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71
Q

Compare the innervations of superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerve?

A

Deep fibular - innervates anterior compartment of leg and 1st web space

Superficial fibular- innervates lateral compartment of leg and sensory innervation to anterolateral leg and dorsal of foot

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72
Q

If trendelenberg’s sign is positive, which side is the hip drop on?

A

Hip drop on unaffected side

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73
Q

Which nerve is damaged in trendelenbergs positive cases?

Which muscle is therefore affected?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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74
Q

Which artery is contained in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Radial artery

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75
Q

Which level does the coeliac axis split from aorta?

Name the 3 branches of coeliac axis?

A

Branches off aorta at T12

Branches:
Left gastric
Common hepatic
Splenic artery

“Left Hand Side”

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76
Q

Compare the nerves damaged in humeral mid shaft fractures and surgical neck fractures

A

Surgical neck fractures= axillary nerve

Midshaft fractures = radial nerve

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77
Q

Name the 4 components of the carotid sheath?

A

Common and internal carotid artery
Internal Jugular vein
Vagus nerve

78
Q

Describe the muscles and their innervations involved in shoulder ABDuction?

A

Supraspinatus- shoulder abduction to 15 degrees, innervated by suprascapsular nerve

Deltoid - shoulder abduction >15 degrees, innervated by axillary nerve

79
Q

Which visual field defect is caused by a lesion at the optic chiasm?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

80
Q

What is the most anteriorly located structure in the lung root?

A

Phrenic nerve

81
Q

Compare the location of direct and indirect hernias with respect to the inferior epigastric artery?

A

direct hernias - medial to IEA

Indirect hernias - lateral to IEA

82
Q

Describe the medial, lateral and inferior borders of hesselbach’s (inguinal) triangle?

A

Medial - Rectus abdominus
Lateral - Inferior epigastric Artery
Inferior - inguinal ligament

82
Q

Which structure is most likely to be encountered in an axillary sentinel LN biopsy?

A

Intercostobrachial nerve

83
Q

Name 4 clinical features of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis
Enopthalmos

84
Q

What visual field defect is seen in pituitary tumours?

A

Homonymous hemianopia

85
Q

Compare the anterior and posterior innervation of the scrotal skin

A

Anterior - illioinguinal nerve

Posterior - pudendal nerve

86
Q

Which nerve innervates the web space between 1st and 2nd toe?

A

Deep fibular nerve

87
Q

Which muscle is the termination of the adductor canal located in?

A

Adductor Magnus

89
Q

Which structure is most at risk during dissection at the saphenofemoral junction?

A

Deep external pudendal artery

90
Q

Which region of the male urethra is surrounded entirely by Bucks fascia?

A

Spongiose part

The membranous part may partially pass through

91
Q

Name the 2.5 muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve?

A

Flexor pollicus longus
Pronator quadratus
Flexor digitorum profundus (radial half)

92
Q

Pneumonic and branches of internal carotid?

A

“Only Press Carotid Arteries Momentarily”

Ophthalmic
Posterior communicating
Choriodial
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral

93
Q

Which nerve is most often permanently damaged during superficial parotidectomy?

A

Greater Auricular nerve

Facial nerve paresis can occur, but this is not permanent

94
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the skin overlying the angle of the jaw?

A

Greater auricular nerve (C2-C3)

It is the only area not innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

95
Q

Which 2 nerves are responsible for extension of the knee?

A

Femoral and obturator nerves

96
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the female urethra?

A

Internal Iliac nodes

97
Q

What which roots represent the sciatic nerve?

98
Q

Name the contents of the rectus sheath?

A

Pyrimidalis muscle
Rectus Abdominus muscle
Superior Epigastric artery and vein
Inferior epigastric artery and vein

99
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve bifurcate into the superficial and deep fibular nerves?

A

At the lateral aspect of the neck of the fibula

This predisposes it to injury

100
Q

Name the ligament found on the medial side of the ankle?

A

Deltoid ligament

101
Q

Name the 3 ligaments found on the lateral ankle?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)

102
Q

Based on the Danis weber classification, how does level of fibular fracture relate to fracture instability?

A

The more proximal the fibula fracture, the greater the risk of syndesmotic injury and therefore fracture instability

103
Q

Which layers does the fluid in a hydrocele collect?

A

Between visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis

104
Q

Which nerve root is most affected by Klumpkes palsy?

How does this present?

A

C8-T1 - inferior nerve roots

Claw hand, loss of flexors of wrist

105
Q

Which 2 heart valves are not attached to the chordae tendinae?

A

Aortic valve and pulmonary valve

Both these valves have 3 cusps

106
Q

Compare the embryological pouches that the inferior and superior parathyroid is derived from?

A

Superior parathyroid = fourth pouch

Inferior parathyroid = third pouch

107
Q

Compare which nerves are related to short saphenous and long saphenous veins?

Which procedure can these nerves be damaged in?

A

Short saphenous - sural nerve

Long saphenous - saphenous nerve

Nerves can be damaged during vein stripping for varices

108
Q

Compare the lymphatic drainage above and below the dentate line?

(Transition area in anal canal)

A

Above dentate line = Internal iliac LNs

Below dentate line = Superficial Inguinal LNs

109
Q

Which nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to skin over thumb?

A

Median nerve

110
Q

Compare the drainage of lymph from the superior and inferior aspect of the vagina?

A

Superior - internal and external iliacs

Inferior - superficial inguinal lymph nodes

111
Q

Which artery supplies the SA node?

A

Right coronary artery

112
Q

Compare what the left and right gonadal veins drain into?

A

Right gonadal drain empties directly into vena cava

Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal vein

113
Q

Describe the relations to the right and left lobe of the liver of the quadrate lobe?

A

The quadrate lobe is anatomically contained within the right lobe, but is functionally part of the left lobe

114
Q

What 2 veins combine to form the retromandibular vein?

A

Maxillary and superficial temporal veins

115
Q

Which structure separates subclavian artery from subclavian vein?

A

Anterior scalene muscle

The subclavian vein passes anterior to ant scalene muscle, the subclavian artery passes through the scalene triangle with the brachial plexus

116
Q

Name the first branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

The superior phrenic arteries lie in the thorax

117
Q

Which nerve is closely associated to the brachial artery?

A

The median nerve

closely associated in the antecubital fossa

118
Q

What does the brachial artery branch into at the antecubital fossa?

A

Branches into the radial and ulnar arteries

119
Q

What is the origin of the superior gluteal artery?

A

Internal iliac artery

Superior Gluteal artery arises from posterior trunk of IIA,

Inferior Gluteal artery arises from anterior trunk of IIA

120
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves lie in relation to the hilum of the lungs?

A

Both right and left phrenic nerves lie anterior to lung roots

121
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the 3 areas of the rectum?

A

Superior rectum = Inferior mesenteric artery

Middle rectum = Internal Iliac artery

Inferior rectum = Internal pudendal artery

122
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

Opthalmic artery

123
Q

What nerve is at risk during submandibular gland excision?

A

Lingual nerve

Greater auricular nerve is most commonly damaged in parotidectomy

124
Q

What artery is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of?

A

The thyrocervical trunk

The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery

125
Q

Compare which artery supplies the bile duct and which supplies the gallbladder?

A

The bile duct = hepatic artery

The Gallbladder = cystic artery

Damage to hepatic artery in cholecystectomy can cause bile duct strictures

126
Q

Name the 3 nerves at greatest risk during a carotid endarterectomy?

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve

127
Q

Name the medial and lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Medial = Extensor pollicis longus

Lateral= Extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

128
Q

Which nodal region will tumours of the uterus initially spread to?

A

The Iliac lymph nodes

129
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the cremasteric reflex?

A

Genitofemoral nerve

130
Q

Which nerve passes through the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve

131
Q

What is the most superficial structure on the parotid?

A

The facial nerve

132
Q

Which artery supplies the transverse colon?

A

Middle colic artery

133
Q

Which muscle attaches onto the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

Psoas major

134
Q

Which artery supplies the prostate gland?

A

Inferior vesical artery

135
Q

How many unpaired branches leave the abdominal aorta to supply the abdominal viscera?

What are they?

A

3
SMA
IMA
Coeliac axis

136
Q

Where do all rotator cuff muscles insert into?

A

All of them insert into the greater tuberosity of the humerus, EXCEPT subscapularis

Subscapularis inserts into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

137
Q

Name the surgical approach used to access incarcerated femoral hernias?

A

McEvedy approach - used for groin incisions

138
Q

Where does Stensen’s duct open from and where does it open into?

A

Opens from the parotid gland, enters oral cavity opposite 2nd molar tooth

139
Q

What muscle is most superficial of the abdominal wall muscles?

A

External oblique muscle

140
Q

From anterior to posterior, name the 3 muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominus

141
Q

Which vessel supplies the SA node and AV node?

A

Right Coronary Artery

Blockage of RCA can cause arrthymias to develop

142
Q

The anterior interosseus nerve is a branch of which nerve?

What does it supply?

A

Branch of the median nerve

Supplies motor innervation to deep muscles in anterior compartment of forearm
Flexor pollicus longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Pronator quadratus
(Finger flexion)

143
Q

Which foramina does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve exit the abdominal cavity?

A

The deep inguinal ring

144
Q

Which structure is most at risk of damage during a high anterior resection?

A

Left ureter

145
Q

If a renal heamtoma occurs, which structure will contain the haematoma?

A

Gerotas fascia - it surrounds the kidney

146
Q

Which structure attaches periosteum to bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibres

They are strong collagenous fibres and also provide attachment for muscles and tendons

147
Q

Name the 4 structures passing through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve and branches
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein
Auriculotemporal nerve

148
Q

What type of incision is traditionally used for renal transplants?

A

Rutherford Morrison

Provides extraperitoneal access to iliac vessels

149
Q

Which nerve supplies the 1st web space of the foot?

A

Deep peroneal nerve

150
Q

What is the primary site of venous drainage from the bladder?

A

Vesicoprostatic venous plexus - can be a site of considerable bleeding in cystectomy

This then drains into the internal iliac vein

151
Q

Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space near the humeral head?

A

Axillary nerve

So does the posterior circumflex humeral artery

152
Q

At which vertebral body does the common carotid bifurcate into the external and internal carotids?

153
Q

Damage at what vertebral level downwards will result in LMN signs rather than UMN signs?

A

L1

For lesions below L1, LMN signs will occur

154
Q

What does the head of the radius articulate with superiorly?

A

Capitulum of the Humerus

“Capital Radio”

155
Q

What is the most posterior structure at the hilum of the right kidney?

A

The Ureter

It would be encountered first in a posterior approach to a nephrectomy

156
Q

Compare what structures are separated by Denonvillers and Waldeyers fascia?

A

Denonvillers fascia - separates prostate from rectum

Waldeyer’s Fascia - sperate rectum from sacrum

157
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from the whole body, except…??

What are these areas drained by instead?

A

The right upper limb, right head and beck an right breast and lung

They are drained by the right lymphatic duct

158
Q

What surgical incision is used to undergo a Whipple’s procedure?

A

Rooftop incision

159
Q

What is Froment’s sign? What does it test for?

A

Front’s sign = testing grip strength of patients thumb and index finger by asking them to hold a bit of paper and then pulling it

It tests for ulnar nerve palsy in the ADDuctor pollicus muscle

160
Q

Which structure separates the PCL from the popliteal artery?

A

The Oblique popliteal ligament

161
Q

Why is it easy for sepsis to spread in the cranial venous sinuses?

A

They have no valves

The sinuses are located in the dura mater

162
Q

What is the cystic artery a branch of?

A

The right hepatic artery

163
Q

What artery is most likely to be damaged in an extradural haematoma?

A

Middle meningeal artery laceration

164
Q

Name the nerves that provide taste and sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Sensation= facial nerve

Taste = Trigeminal nerve

165
Q

Which nerve innervates the stylohyoid?

A

The facial nerve

All other muscles around the hyoid are innervated by trigeminal nerve

166
Q

Which cranial bone does the Foramen spinosum lie?

A

Sphenoid bone

167
Q

When considering ulnar nerve damage, what is the ulnar paradox?

A

The ulnar nerve paradox - the higher the lesions, the less clawing of the fingers seen clinically

ie - lesion at the elbow will produce less clawing than lesion at the wrist

168
Q

At what level does the aorta bifurcate into the common iliacs?

169
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering radial nerve muscles? What are the muscles?

A

BEST

Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinators
Triceps

170
Q

What sympathetic ganglia should be divided to treat hyperhidrosis of the hands and arms?

A

DIvide sympathetic ganglia at T2 & T3

“Division of T2&T3 keep the hands sweat free”

The parietal pleura will need to be divided

171
Q

What CN provides sensation to the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Also contributes to gag reflex

172
Q

Which 3 arteries make up Littles area of the nose?

A

Facial, Maxillary and ophthalmic arteries

173
Q

Which branch of the aorta passes anterior to the lower part of the pancreas and may be encountered in a Whipple’s procedure?

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Invasion of this structure into the pancreatic head is a contra-indication to surgery

174
Q

What level is the lesion in Erb’s Palsy?

A

C5, C6 nerve lesion

175
Q

What is the main arterial source of blood supply to the omentum?

A

Gastroepiploic artery

176
Q

Where does the scaphoid derive the majority of its blood supply?

A

Dorsal carpal branch vessels - via retrograde flow

Arises from ulnar artery

177
Q

Which branch of the brachial plexus is most commonly injured as a result of a crutch palsy?

A

Radial nerve - results in wrist drop

Ulnar nerve arises from the medial cord so is more protected than radial, which is a branch of the posterior cord

178
Q

Compare the innervations of the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly = mylohyoid nerve

Posterior belly = facial nerve

179
Q

What is the correct origin of the pancreas during embryological development?

A

Ventral and dorsal endodermal outgrowths of the duodenum

180
Q

In the carpal tunnel, which tendon lies deepest and in closest proximity to the hamate bone?

A

The tendon of flexor digitorum profundus

181
Q

Which CN has a long intracranial course and therefore most susceptible to raised ICP?

Which cranial nerve has the longest intracranial course?

A

Abducens nerve CN6 is most likely to be affected by rasied ICP

CN4 has the longest intracranial course tho

182
Q

Which nerve is routinely encountered at the superficial inguinal canal during hernia repairs?

A

Ileoinguinal nerve

Ileoinguinal nerve entrapment may be a cause of neuropathic pain following hernia repair

183
Q

Compare arterial supply of the cervical and thoracic oesophagus?

A

Cervical = inferior thyroid artery

Thoracic= direct branches from the thoracic aorta

184
Q

Where do the common iliac veins fuse with the IVC?

A

L5

The aorta bifurcates to the common iliac arteries at L4

185
Q

Compare the insertion sites of flexor digitorum profundus and superficalis?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus inserts onto the DIP joints

Flexor digitorum superficialis inserts onto the PIP joints

186
Q

Which nerve gives innervation to anal sphincters and external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

S2,3,4 keeps shit off the floor

187
Q

Name the 5 muscles innervated by the deep peroneal (tibial) nerve?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus and extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallicus longus
Peroneus tertius

188
Q

Where are the greatest proportion of musculi pectinati found?

A

The Right atrium

This gives the anterior walls of right atrium an irregular appearance

189
Q

From which structure does the inguinal ligament arise?

A

The external oblique aponeurosis