In Module Muscle Flashcards
everything that our mind conceives were being translated into actions through skeletal muscle contractions.
Movement
with proper tone, muscles helps us to maintain posture through a steady or constant state of partial contraction.
Maintenance of posture
the main muscle for bathing is the diaphragm. With its contraction, it allows air to enter the lungs. Moreover, other muscles of the thorax carry out the movements necessary for respiration.
Respiration
When skeletal muscles contract, heat is given off as a by-product. This released heat is critical to the maintenance of body temperature.
Production of heat
Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of communication, including speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and facial expressions.
Communication
The contraction of smooth muscle within the walls of internal organs and vessels causes those structures to constrict. can help propel and mix food and water in the digestive tract, propel secretions from organs and regulate blood flow through vessels.
Constriction of organs and vessels
The contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat propelling blood to all parts of the body.
Contraction of the heart
Muscular tissue is composed of elongated muscle cells
Muscle fibers
to generate force, which produces motion, maintains posture, and generates heat.
Muscular tissue
striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei, Movement of the body voluntary control
Skeletal muscle
muscle cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have
a single nucleus
Function
Regulates the size of organs, forces
ture thirouen tubes, conros thie
amount of light entering the eye and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; under involuntary
unconscious control
Smooth
It is a cylindrical ond striated and have a single nucleus; they
rumos the olood; under
involuntary (unconscious) control
In the neor
another by therebluree disks, willet
contain gap junctions
Cardiac muscle
specialized GAP JUNCTIONS helps in coordinating contractions.
Cardiac muscle has striations and contracts involuntarily.
structure.
Intercalated dics
It is a longest type of muscle, make up to 40% of body weight. It is named because of its attachment to bones.
Skeletal muscle
What are the Skeletal muscle four major functional characteristics
contractility,
excitability,
extensibility,
elasticity.
shorten with force
Contractility
respond to stimulus
Excitability
stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree.
Extensibility
to recoil to original resting length after stretched
Elasticity
surrounds the entire skeletal muscle
Epimysium
around each muscle fasciculus (bundle o muscle fibers)
Sheath of connective tissue encasing fascicles
Perimysium
tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber
Endomysium
Muscle Fiber Structure:
thread-like proteins
Myofibril
proteins that make up myofibrils (ex. actin and myosin)
Myofilament
cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell)
Sacroplasm
cell membrane and contains T-tubules
Sarcolemma
wrap around sarcomeres
T tubules (transverse)
type of SER. It surrounds myosin and also stores and releases Ca2+
Sarcoplasmic reticulumn
Actin and Myosin Myofilaments
thin myofilament and resemble 2 strands of pearls
Actin
thick myofilament and resemble golf clubs
Myosin
attachment site on actin for Ca2+
Troponin
filament on grooves of actin and serves as an attachment site on actin for myosin
Tropomyosin
contractile unit. It contains actin and myosin
The unit of contraction of the myofibrils of a muscle
Sacromere
protein fibers that form attachment site for actin
Z disk
center of sarcomere. It contains only myosin
H. Zone
contains only actin
I band
- where actin and myosin
A band
- where myosin is anchored
M line
center of abdomen; compresses abdomen
Rectus abdo
Lower Limb Muscle
flexes hip
Illiopsoas
buttocks; extends hip and abducts thigh
Gluteus maximus
hip; abducts and rotates thigh
Gluteus medius:
Muscles in upper legs called?
Quadriceps femoris
front of thigh; extends knee and flexes hip
Rectus femoris
It extends knee
Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
hamstring, back
of thigh; flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip
Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Muscles of Lower Leg
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
front of lower leg; inverts foot
Tibialis anterior
calf; flexes foot and leg
Gastrocnemius
attaches to ankle; flexes foot
Soleus
What are the muscles in the upper leg
Quadriceps femoris
4 thigh muscles
Gracilis
Biceps femoris,
semi-mem-branosus,
semi-ten-dinosus
What are the muscles in thigh and hip
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
nerve cells that CARRY action potentials to muscle fibers
Motor neuron -
nerve cell and muscle fiber meet
Connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction (synapse)
end of nerve cell (axon)
Presynaptic terminal
muscle fiber membrane
Postsynaptic membrane
space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane
Narrow space between the end of a motor nerve and the muscle fiber
Synaptic cleft
store and release neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicle
chemicals that stimulate or inhibit muscle fiber (e.g. Ach)
Neurotransmitter
group of muscle fibers that motor neuron stimulates
Motor unit
It occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another, causing the sarcomeres to shorten.
Contraction
The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called
sliding filament model
TERMS:
WEAKEST stimulus needed to produce a response
Thersehold
muscle contracts or doesn’t (no in between)
All or none law
rapid contraction and relaxation of a muscle
Twitch
muscle remains contracted
Tetanus
- amount of tension increases (weight)
Isometric
amount of repetitions increases
Isotonic
constant tension over a long period of time
Tone
What are the structure of muscles
Whole muscle
Muscle Fasciculi
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Myofilament
Actin
Myosin
released from the end of a motor neuron
Acetycholine
breaks down fatty acids
Aerobic respiration
breaks down glucose
Anaerobic respiration
action of a prime mover
Antagonist
Flat, broad tendon that attaches a muscle to another muscle
Aponeurosis
Adenosine triphosphate; used for energy in cells to function
ATP
Decrease in the size
Atrophy
thick midsection
Belly
impulses arrive so FAST the muscle cannot relax
Complete tetanus
used for SHORT BURST of high-energy activity
Creatine phosphate
- Connective tissue surrounding the muscle
Fascia
Bundles of muscle fibers
Fascicles
Enlargement of a muscle
Hypertrophy
rapid muscle contraction with ONLY partial relaxation
Incomplete tetanus
END. attaches to the more mobile bone
Insertion
muscle changes length to move a load
Isotonic contraction
neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Motor unit
Strong,FIBROUS CORD through which a muscle attaches to a bone
Tendon
which each successive twitch contracts more FORCEFULLY than the previous one
Treppe
The main muscle triggering a movement
Prime mover
Scientific study of muscle
Myology
Increase
Vasolodilation
Decrease
Vasoconstriction
It is muscle strain
Overuse
It is tendon and ligament damage
Ankle sprain
It is a white layer that covered in muscles
Fascia
It is the cell that we will see in the muscle
Myofibril
It is the mide
A band
Lighter
I band
It is the center of each A band
H zone
It is the center of H zone
M line
It is the center of H zone
M line
Mxinus
Largest
Minus
Smallest
Longus
Long
Brevis
Short
Let issimus
Midest
Mangnus
Large
Major
Large
Minor
Small
Vastus
Hige
Muscles acc to their direction
Rectus
Parallel
Transversus
Perpendicular
Oblique
Some angle
Name skeletal muscles by
Location
Shape
Size
Direction of fibers
Number of origins
Location attachment
Type of motion
What shape of orbicularis oris
Circluar (mouth)
Fascicles are in concentric rings
Fascicles spread out but convergent toward tendon insertion
Convergent ( pectoralis)
Fascicles taper down to tendon at two ends
Fusiform (biceps brachii)
Fascicles run in a straight line parallel to the axis of the musclr
Non fusiform (sartorius)
In is muscles sits on one side of tendon
Unipenate
It is muscles on both sides
Bipennate
It is muscles looks like several feathers inserted
Multipennate
Skeletal muscle can only contract___
30 percent
It is shorten more but produce less power
Fibers parallel
It is shorten but produce more power
Oblique
