Heart And Cardiac Flashcards
What are the 4 covering of heart
Pericardium
Parietal pericardium:
Visceral pericardium:
Pericardial cavity:
What are the 4 covering of heart
Pericardium
Parietal pericardium:
Visceral pericardium:
Pericardial cavity:
double-layered sac that anchors and protects heart
Parietal Pericardium
membrane on heart’s surface
Visceral pericardium
space around heart
Pericardial cavity
3 heart layers
Myocardium
Epicardium
Endocardium
surface of heart (outside)
Epicardium
thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
smooth, inner surface
Endocardium
•4 Chambers of heart
left atrium (LA)
right atrium (RA)
left ventricle (LV)
right ventricle (RV)
separates atria from ventricles
Coronary surcus
Upper portion; Holding chambers
• Small, thin walled, contract minimally to push blood into ventricles
Atria
Seprate left and right atria
Interatrial septum:
Lower portion; Pumping chambers
• Thick, strong walled, contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart
Ventricles
Separate left and right ventricles
Interventricular septum:
structures that ensure 1-way blood flow
Valves
between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular valves (AV):
AV valve between RA and RV; 3 cusps
Tricuspid valve:
AV valve between LA and LV; 2 cusps
Bicuspid valve (mitral):
What are the two valves in Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid and Bicuspid
base of pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary
base of aorta
Aortic
attached to AV valve flaps ; support valves
Chordae tendinee:
What happens when Bicuspid Valve is Open?
Blood flows from LA into LV.
Aortic semilunar valve is closed.
• Tension on chordae tendineae is low.
What happens when Bicuspid Valve is Closed?
Blood flows from LV into aorta.
Aortic semilunar valve is open.
Tension on chordae tendineae is high.
carries blood from heart to lungs
• blood is 02 poor, COz rich
Pulmonary Circuit
RIGHT SIDE OF HEART: Pulmonary circuit
receives blood from 3 places:
of lungs where
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary
gas exchange occurs
Sinus
Right atrium
drains blood above diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, upper limbs)
Superior vena cava
drains blood below diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs)
Inferior venacava
drains blood from myocardium
Coronary sinus
carries blood from heart to body
• blood is 02 rich, CO2 poor
Systemic Circuit
LEFT SIDE OF HEART: Systemic circuit:
openings (pulmonary veins) that receive blood from lungs
Left atrium
opens into aorta
• thicker, contracts more forcefully, higher blood pressure than right ventricle has to get to body
Left ventricle
carries blood from Left Ventricle to body
Aorta
BLOOD SUPPLIES
supply blood to heart wall
• originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)
Coronary arteries
has 3 branches
supply blood to anterior heart wall and left ventricle
Left coronary artery
originates on right side of aorta o supply blood to right ventricle
Right coronary artery
Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are responsible for producing action potentials and is called?
pacemaker potential.
What are two Depolarization phase:
Nat channels open
- Ca? channels open
What are two Depolarization phase:
Nat channels open
- Ca? channels open
Na channels close
Ca^2 channels reamain open
Some K channels open
Plateau phase:
K + open
Ca^2+ close
Repolarization phase
contraction of atria and ventricles by cardiac muscle cells
Conduction System
in RA,where action potential originates, functions as pacemaker
large number of Ca?* channels
Sinoatrial node (SA node):
Path of Action Potential through Heart
- SA node
- AV node (atrioventricular)
- AV bundle
- Right and Left Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
• record of electrical events in heart
• diagnoses cardiac abnormalities
• uses electrodes
• contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave
Electrocardiogram
• Heart is 2 side by side pumps:
Right and left
primers for pumps
Atria
- repetitive pumping action which includes contraction and relaxation
- Cardiac muscle contractions produce pressure changes within heart chambers.
- Pressure changes are responsible for blood movement.
- Blood moves from areas of high to low pressure.
Cardiac cycle
contraction of atria
Atrial systole:
contraction of ventricles
Ventricular systole:
relaxation of atria
Atrial diastole:
relaxation of ventricles
Ventricular diastole:
used to hear lung and heart sounds
Stethoscope
First sound____second sound_____
Lubb
Dupp
Sounds result from____
opening and closing valves
It is due to faulty valves
Murmurs
volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction
• 70 ml/beat
Stroke volume
number of heart beats in 1 min.
72 beats per min
Heart Rate:
It is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV)
Cardiac output
mechanisms contained within heart
Intrinsic Regulation
mechanisms contained within heart
Intrinsic Regulation
amount of blood that returns to heart
Venous return
ventricular walls are stretched at end of diastole
Preload:
relationship between preload and stroke volume influences cardiac output (Ex. Exercise increases venous return, preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output)
Starlings Law of the Heart:
pressure against which ventricles must pump blood
After load
It is mechanisms external to heart
• nervous or chemical regulation
Extrinsic Regulation
• mechanism of nervous system which regulates heart function
• keeps heart rate and stroke volume in normal range
• baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in aorta and carotid arteries (carry blood to brain)
•changes in blood pressure cause changes in frequency of action potentials involves medulla oblongata
Baroreceptor Reflex
It is oxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein
It is un oxygenated oxygen
Pulmonary artery
Rv to pulmonary. Called?
Cardiac notch
Other name of inhilatio
Inspiration
Other name of exhalation
Expiration
Other name of exhalation
Expiration
LV TO AORTA
Cardiac output
What are the 3 carries oxygenated blood
Venacava
Veins
Venule
What are the 3 carries oxygenated blood
Venacava
Veins
Venule
It is eardown pulse
Caltit pulse
It is capitate fosa to ulna
Brachial pulse
It is capitate fosa to ulna
Brachial pulse
It is pulse in the down of palm
Radial pulse
It is pulse in the down of palm
Radial pulse
It is pulse in the temporal head
Temporal fosa
What are the pulse in upper limb
Temporal pulse
Caltit pulse
Brachial pulse
Radial pulse
What are the pulse in upper limb
Temporal pulse
Caltit pulse
Brachial pulse
Radial pulse
Pulse in inguinal
Inguinal pulse
Pulse in puplitial fosa
Puplitial pulse
Metatarsal part pulse
Dorasalis perlis pulse
Last pulse that will hear and feel
Apical/Apec pulse in LV
Where can check the pulse of babies
Brachial pulse
Where can check the adult pulse
Carotive pulse
Large vein
Varicous vein
Varicous vein of testis
Varicocele
Normal vital sign of pulse rate
60-100 bpm
Normal VS or respiratory rate
12-20 cpm/bpm
High respiratory called?
Low respiratory called?
Tachypnea
Brachypnea
Normal blood pressure
12/20 milimeter mercury
Normal Blood Temperature
36-37.5 degree celcious
Safetest bp
100/80 or 70
110/80 or 70
High 80
Hepertension
Below 80
Hypotension
More than 100
Less 60 bits
Tachycardiac
Brachycardiac
Reaction to body
Physiology
Disease of problem
Pathology
There is backflow and repump
Incopetent valve
It is brain blood brain clot
Embolism
It is heart workload increase
Stenosis/stiff
Heart enlargement
Cardiomegali
