Implicit Beliefs (from notes)

Question 1

What is self-regulated learning?

Answer 1

The ability to control all aspects of one’s learning, from advance planning to how one evaluates performance afterward

Question 2

What are the three core components of self-regulated learning?

Answer 2

1. Metacognitive awareness (knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition)
2. Strategy use (selectively choosing then evaluating strategies)
3. Motivational control (goals, self-efficacy, effort)

Question 3

What is attribution theory?

Answer 3

• Attribution theory is the study of the causal explanations for success and failure.
• While self-efficacy focuses on confidence for future performance, attributional judgments relate to past events and try to explain them.
• Student attributions are derived not only from themselves but are also influenced with teachers, parents, and peers

Question 4

What are the three primary dimensions of attributional responses?

Answer 4

1. Locus of control
2. Stability
3. Controllability

Question 5

What are implicit beliefs?

Answer 5

Unconscious, personal beliefs about the world. Everyone has implicit belief systems, including topics such as intelligence, knowledge, hope, and reading, and they play a profound role in academic settings

Question 6

What are the two main types of goal orientations?

Answer 6

Performance goals vs. Learning/Mastery goals

Question 7

What are the characteristics and emphases of performance goals?

Answer 7

Normative, prove competence, grades, comparison, others’ perception, gaining recognition. Seek to prove performance.

Question 8

What are the characteristics and emphases of of learning/mastery goals?

Answer 8

Knowledge acquisition, progress, competency, self-improvement

Question 9

What are the outcomes of different goal orientations?

Answer 9

Learning goal orientation:

• Lead to greater persistence
• More varied strategy use
• Appropriate help-seeking
• Higher self-efficacy
• Attribute success to controllable factors such as effort and strategy use

Performance goal orientation:

• Lead to attempting easy rather than challenging problems
• A defensive attitude regarding ability
• Greater frequency of developing learned helplessness because of a fear of failure

Question 10

How can teachers foster adaptive goals?

Answer 10

• Promote the view that intellectual development is controllable
• Reward effort and improvement while de-emphasizing innate ability
• Emphasize the process, rather than the products, of learning
• Stress that mistakes are a normal (and health) part of learning
• Encourage individual, rather than group, evaluate standards

Question 11

What are epistemological beliefs?

Answer 11

Beliefs about the nature of knowledge

Question 12

What is reflective judgement?

Answer 12

It is concerned with the way people resolve dilemmas, and develops gradually in a sequential manner (through 7 stages) and is related to critical thinking

Question 13

What are the two components of hope, and what does high hope lead to?

Answer 13

1. Agency - the “will.” Self-determination and perseverance when faced with challenges
2. Pathways - the “way.” How well an individual can generate workable solutions to those challenges

High hope leads to persistence, a preference for difficult tasks not explained by general ability, and appears to be rather stable over time.