Encoding & Retrieval (from notes)

Question 1

Peg method

Answer 1

memorize a series of pegs (e.g. “One is a Bun”)

Question 2

Method of Loci

Answer 2

remember various “drops” in a familiar place (e.g. Chaucer sitting on the sofa)

Question 3

Link method

Answer 3

when remembering lists form an image for each item and picture them interacting

Question 4

Stories

Answer 4

develop a story containing all of the to be remembered information

Question 5

First letter method

Answer 5

Create a word from the first letters of words (e.g. HOMES for the great lakes)

Question 6

Keyword

Answer 6

taking part of the keyword and pairing it with an image (e.g. a gust of wind blowing through a horse’s mane to remember August)

Question 7

What do we know about metacognition?

Answer 7

They oversee the memory system, is rather late developing, can be improved through direct instruction & modeling, and is largely independent of general ability

Question 8

What are the two main categories of metacognition?

Answer 8

Knowledge of cognition & Regulation of cognition

Question 9

What are the three types of knowledge of cognition in metacognition?

Answer 9

Declarative (knowledge of memory limitations), procedural (knowledge about strategies), conditional (knowledge about when and why to use strategies)

Question 10

What are the three types of knowledge of cognition in regulation of cognition?

Answer 10

Planning (setting goals, activating background knowledge, budgeting time), Monitoring (observation of performance), Evaluation (reevaluating goals, revising predicitons)

Question 11

What are some examples of cognitive strategies?

Answer 11

Self-checking, creating a productive physical environment, goal setting and planning, summarizing during learning, predicting, monitoring, etc.

Question 12

What is characteristic of a good strategy user?

Answer 12

They have a broad repertoire of strategies, have metacognitive knowledge about why, when, and where to use strategies (conditional knowledge), has a broad knowledge base, ignores distractions, and is automatic about the four components described above

Question 13

How can you teach metacognitive strategy regulation?

Answer 13

Model strategies that cut across domains, encourage students to transfer strategies, explain when and where a strategy will be used, etc.

Question 14

Summary recommendations from the Information Processing Model:

Answer 14

• Overlearn to the point of automaticity
• Encourage deeper processing
• Help guide selective attention
• Remember that meaning drives learning and memory
• Develop not only knowledge but monitoring ability
• Strategies rule!

Question 15

3 Levels of cognitive study strategies:

Answer 15

1. Basic study strategies (highlighting, underlining, note taking - don’t assume students know these)
2. Comprehension Monitoring strategies (self-questioning, summarizing, these are things you do “on-line” while learning)
3. Critical thinking (the most important level - this is your goal!)

Question 16

What skills are essential in critical thinking?

Answer 16

• Distinguish between verifiable facts and vague claims
• Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information, claims, or reasons
• Determining the factual accuracy of a statement
• Determining the credibility of a source
• Identifying ambiguous claims or arguments
• Identifying unstated assumptions
• Detecting bias
• Recognizing logical inconsistencies in a line of reasoning
• Determining the strength of an argument or claim