implementation Flashcards
Maximum decibel for public housing for HUD
75
Hoover (Boulder) Dam, 1936
Apportioned the waters of the Colorado River among AZ, CA, CO, NV, NM, UT, WY. § Significant environmental impact
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)
Buffer around a city for orderly planning § City development regulations apply
1st off-street parking regulations
Columbus, OH in 1923
Impact Analysis
Environmental, Historic, Transportation, Fiscal
1960 Bid Rent Theory - William Alonso
It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable.
Charrettes:
short, intense collaborative process that is usually used to design projects, plan communities, and/or build consensus; can vary in makeup (professionals/citizens) depending on the goal §
Dillon’s Rule vs. Home Rule
§ 39 states use Dillon’s Rule in whole or in part § Dillon’s Rule (Iowa judge, 1868 ruling) narrowly defines the power of local governments. The first part of Dillon’s Rule states that local governments have only three types of powers: § those granted in express words, § those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted, and § those essential to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation, not simply convenient, but indispensable. § The second part of Dillon’s Rule states that if there is any reasonable doubt whether a power has been conferred on a local government, then the power has NOT been conferred. § Home Rule: Local governments have all functions not prohibited/preempted by State or Federal law
National Environmental Programs
§ EPA § NEPA (1969) § Clean Air Act (1970) § Clean Water Act (1972)
Councils of Government
voluntary association of local governments. Established by contract
Delphi Method
…another small group vUsed to develop a consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict; the views of each group are presented in successive rounds of argument and counterargument, with the rounds gradually working towards a consensus. Recognizes the value of expert opinion, experience and intuition and allows using the limited information available in these forms, when full scientific knowledge is lacking. Uses a panel of carefully selected experts who answer a series of questionnaires. Experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of the group. It is believed that during this process the range of the answers will decrease and the group will converge towards the “correct” answer. The following key characteristics of the Delphi method help participants focus on the issues at hand and separate Delphi from other methodologies: Structuring of information flow Regular feedback § Anonymity of the participants
8 roles of strategic planning
1) Community/org analysis. 2) Objectives 3) SWOT analysis 4) Stakeholder involvement 5) Strategy development/evaluation 6) Role definition 7) Funding Policy 8) Performance evaluation
How far are ppl willing to walk?
1/4 to 1/2 mile
USGS map scale
1:24,000 scale
Also known as 7.5-minute quadrangles, these maps are the most well-known USGS maps
The USGS produced over 55,000 of these maps between 1947 and 1992 to cover the 48 contiguous states
The USGS transitioned from hand-drawn maps to computer-generated US Topos in 2009
US Topos include shaded relief, orthoimagery, and data on transportation, elevation, and more
Other scales
1:100,000 scale: 1:24,000 scale
Also known as 7.5-minute quadrangles, these maps are the most well-known USGS maps
The USGS produced over 55,000 of these maps between 1947 and 1992 to cover the 48 contiguous states
The USGS transitioned from hand-drawn maps to computer-generated US Topos in 2009
US Topos include shaded relief, orthoimagery, and data on transportation, elevation, and more
Other scales
1:100,000 scale: Also known as 100K Topo, these maps provide a broad overview of a landscape
1:62,500 scale: Also known as 15-minute mapsAlso known as 100K Topo, these maps provide a broad overview of a landscape
1:62,500 scale: Also known as 15-minute maps
1st US City with a subway
1st US city with a subway was Boston in 1897
EIS
4 sections: 1) Introduction with a statement of purpose and need of the proposed action. 2) Description of Affected Environment. 3) Range of Alternatives to the proposedaction. Alternatives are the “heart” of the EIS. 4) Analysis of environmental impacts of the each possible alternative. The EIS must attress the probably impact of the project, adverse environmental effects that can’t be avoided, alternatives to the proposed action, relationship between local short term uses of the environment and maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity of the land, and irreversible and irretrievable committments of resources that would be involved in action
Ratios
43,560 square feet in 1 acre v 5,280 linear feet in 1 mile v 2.47 acres in 1 hectacre v 640 acres in 1 square mile
1 Acre
43650 sq ft
1 Mile
5280 ft
1 acre
640 sq. miles
Brownfield vs grayfield
A “brownfield” refers to previously developed land that is currently unused and may be contaminated with hazardous substances, while a “greyfield” is a previously developed area that is underutilized or obsolete, but generally not considered environmentally contaminated, often including vacant commercial spaces like old shopping centers or office buildings; essentially, a brownfield has environmental concerns while a greyfield is more focused on functional obsolescence.
Location Quotient
A location quotient (LQ) is an analytical statistic that measures a region’s industrial specialization relative to a larger geographic unit (usually the nation). An LQ is computed as an industry’s share of a regional total for some economic statistic (earnings, GDP by metropolitan area, employment, etc.) divided by the industry’s share of the national total for the same statistic. For example, an LQ of 1.0 in mining means that the region and the nation are equally specialized in mining; while an LQ of 1.8 means that the region has a higher concentration in mining than the nation.
Facilitation
a method for which a neutral party, with no stake in the outcome of a problem, helps conflicting groups come to a consensus. A professional facilitator is often hired to facilitate meetings and discussions, especially when the given problems are particularly complex
Task Force
A planning task force is a group of professional planning staff, higher management, consultants, and key employees that is formed when an organization requires addressing special circumstances1. It is preferable and more efficient than maintaining a different planning staff or department. Task forces are important to the planning process because they provide a forum for a diversity of opinion to be heard and considered
Tools in Development for Growth Management
Agricultural Preservation Zoning § Density Bonuses § Conservation Subdivision § Developer Agreements § Landowner Covenants § Easements (access, preservation, equity) § Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)
Agricultural Lands Preservation
Agricultural land preservation is the process of protecting land for farming and agriculture. This can be done through zoning, conservation easements, and other programs.
Annexation
Allows for natural municipal growth § Can be cooperative or hostile
Green infrastructure
an approach from 1990s for water management to protect, restore, and mimic natural water cycle instead constructing taller leevees. Suggests natural floodplains to capture water.
EIS requirements
An EIS typically has four sections: (1) Introduction includes a statement of the Purpose and Need of the Proposed Action; (2) Description of the Affected Environment; (3) Range of Alternatives to the proposed action. Alternatives are considered the “heart” of the EIS; and, (4) Analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives. The EIS must address the probable impact of the project, any adverse environmental effects that can’t be avoided, alternatives to the proposed action, the relationship between local short-term uses of the environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity of the land; and any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources that would be involved in the proposed action.
Nominal Group Technique
another variation of brainstorming, this method is used to identify a problem and generate solutions for any sized group. The process works by first presenting a problem or a question to the group and then every member of the group answers the question or suggests solutions to the problem individually. With all of the suggested solutions listed, members of the group then rank the solutions and discuss their priority. After this discussion, the solution with the highest ranking, or priority, is selected.
Sidewalk dimensions
at least 4 ft wide, throuhg 5 ft is ADA. Multipurpose is 10 ft. Safest are separated from traffic.
Residence time
average amount of time for a molecule of greenhouse gas to be removed from atmosphere. CO2 has average of 100 years. Methane has 12 years, N20 (nitrous oxide) from agriculture and wastewater treatement is 100 years. CFCs depend on the type.
Density
average number of housing units per square mile
Infill/Redevelopment
Billed as an alternative to urban sprawl, infill development encourages the development of underused or vacant land in existing urban areas to increase density and place new development near existing resources and infrastructure.
Downtown planning tools
Business improvement district (BID/TIF) • Traffic circulation • Mixed use – Density Issues • Wayfinding signage • Greening the urban area • Events / Tourism
US Reclamation Act (1902)
called for the revenue of federal lands to fund water development projects. Reclamation projects, called irrigation projects, became a priority as the west had inadequate preciptation to use for agriculture and demand for water increased.
Visioning
can be defined as a process that allows citizens of a community to develop an idea, or a vision, of what they community to be in the future, rather than focusing on the current conditions. Developing a vision typically occurs early in the planning process so that a theme that represents the community’s goal for the future can be built upon while developing a plan. Plans that incorporate a community’s vision statement are generally long-term plans that span 20-30 years
Rural Area Challenges and tools
Challenges • Maintaining small town character • Access to infrastructure and social services • Economic opportunities/limited tax base • Loss of farmland • Development at a proper scale v Tools • Agricultural Preservation • Urban growth boundaries • Transfer of Development Rights • Intergovernmental Cooperative Agreements • Eco-Tourism and Heritage Tourism
First historic district
Charleston, SC (1931)
Executive Order 12898
Clinton (1994). Requires federal agencies to address the disproportionate advese and environmental and human health impacts of its policies, programs and activities in minority and low income populations. EPA has office of Environmental Justice that guides government agencies during project decisions.
Communicative Planning
Communicative Planning is based on the idea of intensive public participation and transparent planning. As planning often deals with several stakeholder interests and operates within a political realm, this theory uses a rational approach for planners to gather information and provide stakeholders with key information so people can be brought together to discuss community issues. Communicative planning also uses elements of advocacy and transactive planning as interest groups opinions are solicited. However, the most important difference between the other planning theories is in communicative planning, planners act as the facilitator amongst stakeholders and listen to stakeholder stories in an attempt to reach consensus. Communicative planning is perhaps the most utilized and preferred theory among planners.
For water and sewerage systems, the average cost per service unit
Decreases as the system nears its capacity
Instituting Impacts
Demographic and Socioeconomic Data • Labor Force and Skill Sets • Land Use and Nuisance Issues (i.e. Noise and Light) • Property Tax / PILOT
Shift Share Analysis
Descriptive technique for analyzing sources of change in the regional economy by looking at national share, industry mix, and regional shift. •
Shift Share Analysis
determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. A shift-share analysis takes the change over time of an economic variable, such as employment, within industries of a regional economy, and divides that change into various components. A traditional shift-share analysis splits regional changes into just three components, but other models have evolved that expand the decomposition into additional components.
waterfront considerations
Diverse mix of uses • Considerations: § Public access § Tourism § Commercial ports and shipping § Environmental quality § Hazard mitigation
Economic Base techniques
divide regional industries into: Basic or export sectors and Non-basic or local sectors
Economic Base Analysis
Economic base analysis is a theory that posits that activities in an area divide into two categories: basic and nonbasic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside, while nonbasic (or service) industries support basic industries. Because export-import flows are usually not tracked at sub-national (regional) levels, it is not practical to study industry output and trade flows to and from a region. As an alternative, the concepts of basic and nonbasic are operationalized using employment data.
EPA
Established by Executive Order (Nixon) December 2, 1970 • Air Quality Programs (includes emissions standards) • Radiation Protection (Natural, Waste, and Protection Standards) • Water Quality Programs (NPDES, 404, Drinking Water Standards) • Land Waste and Cleanup • Chemical and Toxin Regulation and Control
1st UGB
established in the US in Lexington, KY in 1958 v
State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)
Every State and U.S. Territory has a SHPO who, with the support of qualified staff, are charged with: Conducting a comprehensive survey of historic properties. Maintaining an inventory of historic properties. Administering state programs of Federal assistance.
Agricultural Act (1949)
first time permanent legal basis by which surplus food can be donated to friendly overseas countries as development aid.
Types of groups
Focus Groups § Stakeholder Groups § Task Force § Steering Committee
NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CITY PLANNING
FORERUNNER OF THE APA
First state to institute statewide zoning
Hawaii
Rachel Carson
Her book (Silent Spring) in 1962 became an expose on the effects of pesticide use and became a catalyst for the environmental rights movement
Federal Program types
Historic Preservation § Emergency Management § Flood Protection § Social Justice (e.g. ADA) § Telecommunications § Religion (RLUIPA) § Census & other data gathering § Recreation & Parks § National Defense & Security § Immigration § Education § Tribal Affairs § Oil & Mineral Leasing § Energy
Father of Modern Ecology
Ian McHarg
EA and EIS
If the EA determins there’s a significant impact, an EIS is required. If the EA for a federal action finds the iaction will not have an environmental impact, then a FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact must be filed
Incremental Planning
Incremental Planning was proposed in 1959 by Charles Lindbloom in his publication “The Science of Muddling Through.” Lindbloom introduced the idea that individuals make successive, incremental decisions and, therefore, planning should be more piecemeal and pragmatic. His point was that the real world is not rational and comprehensive so neither should planning. Instead, it should be approached incrementally. He argues that major policy changes are most successful when done in small increments over long periods of time and this approach is most common in planning offices today.
Strategies for Economic development
Industrial Parks; Research and Development Parks; Main Street Programs; Business Improvement District (BID); Business incubators; Tax Increment Financing (TIF); Elm Street Programs ; Missing Middle Housing ; Industrial Cluster Development
Largest concrete structure in US
Largest concrete structure in the US is Grand Coulee Dam (completed 1941)
Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance
legislative tool to tie growth in a region to availability of public infrastructure. If existing capacities of transp., schools, water, sewer, or roads are unable to support development, government may deny or delay submittals. Instead of approving development, the APFO places the burden on the developer to ensure adequate service is available. Focuses on availability
Economic Base Multiplier
Measures local economic growth as follows: EBM = TOTAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY/BASIC SECTOR ACTIVITY. An EBM of 3, for example, would mean that for every basic job/output/dollar, three non-basic jobs/outputs/dollars are created
Hazard Mitigation planning
National level: FEMA; Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000; FIRM Analysis, Publication, and Distribution; State level: PEMA; State Hazard Mitigation Plan Local level: County Hazard Mitigation Plan; Municipal mitigation projects; NFIP Participation
Neighborhood planning
Neighborhood unit concept – Clarence Perry • Defined by history, geography, culture… • Access to services • Walkability and visitibility • 1996 Symposium on Neighborhood Collaborative Planning (from the APA Policy Guides)
National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
NEPA required that environmental impacts of projects be studied. Requires Enviornmental Assessment to devermin if there is a significant environmental impact as a result of a project. Can be ecological, cultural, historic or social. Requires EIS for federal projects affecting the quality to the uman environment
First City to adopt zoning
NYC
Sustainability threats
Overconsumption v Population growth v Dependence on non- renewable resources v Pollution v Environmentally and socially destructive development patterns v Inequities in resource distribution v Limited public participation
Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff proposed Advocacy Planning in the 1960s as an attempt to represent the various interest groups within a community. Prior to this theory, planners operated on public interest, or the good of the whole. Now, planners would be quasi-lawyers, advocating for the interests of a particular group. Advocacy planning was in an effort to give voices to the underrepresented or disadvantaged. Davidoff believed that there was never one sole public interest so planners were forced to become advocates for special interests. But this approach resulted in unbalanced representation. Davidoff suggested planners should represent interest groups, rather than the whole community. This would result in plans that would represent the interest group’s values and objectives. A planner would still use rational or incremental approaches to planning, but advocacy planning changed who the planner would plan for.
National growth share
portion of local growth due to growth in the national economy
Ways to preserve historic properties/districts
Preservation • Arts Districts • Library Centers • Adaptive Reuse • Demolition Delay
Preservation
protection of buildings, objects, or landscapes (i.e. historic preservation)
Conservation
protection of natural resources
Rachel Carson
Published Silent Spring in 1962, studied dangers of chemical pesticides like DDC. Became influence on environmental planning. Inspired the EPA, established by Nixon in 1970. Tasked with conducting environmental assessments and enforcing env. Laws
Location Quotient
Quantifies export activity in an industry. Commonly used, relatively easy to find data and calculate. Usually uses employment data (output or income can also be used)
Radical Planning
Radical Planning: John Friedmann published another book in 1987, this time called “Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action” where he introduces the concept of radical planning. Radical planning is a theory that takes power away from the government and instead empowers the people. Radical Planning shuns bureaucracy and centralized planning and believes planning is most effective when common citizens are empowered to solve their own problems. Friedmann’s ultimate outcome are a series of collective actions that result in self-reliance. Citizens get together and develop their own PLANNING CERTIFICATION Fundamental Planning Knowledge 14 plans; however, this theory was nearly impossible to implement as John Friedmann theorized. There is no structure that allows individuals or groups to develop and implement plans outside of the government.
Cities that implemented an AFPO Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance
Ramapo, NY, Petaluma, CA, and Boulder CO. Ramapo required public infrastructure to be a requirement for development permit issuance.
Rational Planning
Rational Planning was a dominant theory in the 1950s and assumes a planner has perfect knowledge of all the factors in a situation. In this theory of a practice, a planner evaluates the alternatives and is not constrained by time and money limitations. However, we know this can never be true as humans are imperfect. Instead, planners must satisfice. Rational planning is not well applied when “wicked” problems exist. Wicked problems are issues that are complicated and difficult to solve. One example is homelessness, because the issue does not have a single root cause and one alternative could not eliminate the problem. Further, rational planning is supposed to be value-free, meaning that goals are based on the public interest (the good of the whole community). If there is no consensus on an issue, it is difficult to determine the public interest. Therefore, rational planning is best used when a problem is easily defined and there can be a “best” solution applied. While it is impractical for larger issues, planners utilize the theory often by completing the following steps during a planning process: HERBERT SIMON DEVELOPED THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE HUMAN MIND IS LIMITED IN ITS ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, SO INSTEAD WE CHOOSE ALTERNATIVES THAT ARE GOOD ENOUGH. SIDE NOTE 1. Set Goals 2.Determine Alternatives 3. Evaluate Alternatives 4.Choose an Alternative 5. Implement Alternative 6. Evaluate the Results
Transactive planning
relies on face to face dialogue between planners and public. Assumes various interests exist, that dialogue triggers a learning process. Planning is carried out decentrally, but participation takes time
Environmental Impact Assessment process
Required by NEPA. Start with Environmental Assessment, if determins there’s a significan impact eco, cultural, historic or social, need to do an EIS for any federal project affecting the quality of the environment. If assessment finds will not have significan impact, FONSI is filed.
Force field analysis
s a variation of a simple brainstorming exercise, a force field analysis presents a set of alternatives for policies or programs to a group of stakeholders and requires that they determine what they like and dislike about each one. With a list of likes and dislikes about a particular alternative, the group then prioritizes the dislikes about the first alternative and determines how they would overcome the ones with the highest priority.
Types of Institutions
Schools, Prisons, Hospitals, Military Bases
Section 106
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties, and give the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment. This is achieved by following the 4 step process outlined in 36 CFR Part 800.
The section 106 process seeks to accommodate historic preservation concerns with the needs of Federal undertakings through consultation among the agency official and other parties with an interest in the effects of the undertaking on historic properties, commencing at the early stages of project planning. The goal of consultation is to identify historic properties potentially affected by the undertaking, assess its effects and seek ways to avoid, minimize or mitigate any adverse effects on historic properties.
Mediation
similar to facilitation, the mediation process involves a neutral third party leading discussion between conflicting parties in a structured process to reach an agreement that is satisfactory to both sides. The mediator in this process is tasked with identifying the priorities of each of the conflicting parties and leading the discussion towards an agreement that outlines specific solutions based on those priorities. This process is typically used to resolve disputes without using the court system.
Smart Growth
Smart growth is a planning and transportation theory that aims to create sustainable communities. It involves using existing resources and infrastructure efficiently to reduce pollution and create more attractive, economically stronger communities.
What does smart growth involve?
Compact development: Concentrating growth in walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl
Mixed use: Encouraging a mix of building types and uses
Diverse housing: Providing a variety of housing options
Community engagement: Involving the community in the development process
Efficient use of resources: Using existing infrastructure and resources more efficiently
Preserving open space: Preserving farmland and open space
Improving transportation: Providing better access to public transportation
Benefits of smart growth
Economic strength: Creating stronger tax bases
Social diversity: Creating more attractive, economically stronger, and socially diverse communities
Climate resilience: Making communities more resilient to climate change
Reduced pollution: Reducing pollution by using resources more efficiently
Better access to services: Providing better access to critical services such as public transportation
Organizations that support smart growth
Smart Growth America: An advocacy organization that promotes smart growth strategies
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: An agency that provides tools and strategies for smart growth
American Planning Association: An association that supports the development of mixed use, mixed income communities
Types of CIP projects
Streets § Water § Sewer § Parks § Public facilities § Drainage
Types of Planning
Synoptic Rationality vIncremental (Lindbloom) vTransactive vAdvocacy (Davidoff) vRadical vUtopianism vRational Planning
Technocratic Planning
Technocratic planning is a model of governance that emphasizes technical expertise and background1. It involves the development of a balanced policy and program planning model based on connectivity, risk, and performance which are linked2. Technocracy is a system of planning and rational order in which society would specify its needs and organize the factors of production to achieve them3. In most governments worldwide, technocrats are selected to head key departments that require specialized skills and experts4.
Clean Water Act, 1972
The “Clean Water Act of 1972” refers to a federal law in the United States that establishes the primary framework for regulating water pollution, aiming to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters; it was officially enacted on October 18, 1972, and is also known as the “Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972”.
Key points about the Clean Water Act:
Main goal:
To control the discharge of pollutants into the waters of the United States, including setting standards for water quality and regulating point sources of pollution like industrial facilities and sewage treatment plants.
Governing agency:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) primarily administers the Clean Water Act, working in collaboration with state governments.
Key provisions:
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES): Requires permits for any point source discharge of pollutants into surface waters.
Water quality standards: States are responsible for setting water quality standards based on designated uses like swimming, fishing, and drinking water.
Section 404 permitting: Regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into wetlands.
Clean Air Act, 1963
The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal law in the United States to address air pollution. It is a key environmental law that aims to reduce and control air pollution across the country.
What did the Clean Air Act of 1963 do?
Established a federal program to monitor and control air pollution
Authorized research into air pollution control techniques
Defined the role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in regulating air quality
Established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for common air pollutants
What are the goals of the Clean Air Act? Reduce exposure to hazardous air pollutants, Protect visibility in natural areas, Reduce emissions that cause acid rain, and Protect human health and the environment.
Spectrum Act
The collocation of wireless communication facilities
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act, 1980
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act – otherwise known as CERCLA or Superfund – provides a Federal “Superfund” to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment.
Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) is a federal law that requires state and local governments to create plans to reduce the risk of disasters. The DMA 2000 also aims to make federal disaster relief programs more efficient.
Industry Mix
The effect of industry trends on local employment
Endangered Species Act, 1973
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 significantly impacts planning by requiring developers and government agencies to consider the potential impact of their projects on listed endangered and threatened species, often necessitating modifications to plans to avoid harming critical habitat and leading to extensive consultation processes with wildlife agencies before undertaking any development in areas where protected species reside; this can result in project delays and adjustments to design to minimize negative effects on endangered species.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 1948
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 was the first major law in the United States to address water pollution. It was passed in response to rapid industrial and urban growth after World War II.
What did the act do?
Authorized the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service to create programs to reduce pollution in interstate waters
Authorized the Federal Works Administrator to help states build treatment plants to prevent sewage and other waste from entering interstate waters
What happened in 1972?
The act was amended and became known as the Clean Water Act (CWA)
The CWA established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into US waters
The CWA gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to implement pollution control programs
What does the CWA do today?
Regulates the quality of surface waters
Regulates the discharge of dredged and fill material into waters of the United States
Protects human health, supports economic and recreational activities, and provides habitat for fish, plants, and wildlife
National Environmental Policy Act, 1970
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. It was the first major environmental law in the United States. NEPA requires federal agencies to consider the environmental impact of their actions before making decisions.
What does NEPA do?
Establishes a national environmental policy
NEPA’s goal is to promote harmony between people and the environment.
Requires environmental impact assessments
Federal agencies must assess the environmental impact of their actions, including social and economic effects.
Establishes the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
The CEQ advises agencies on the NEPA process and develops federal environmental policy.
Involves the public
Agencies must provide opportunities for the public to review and comment on their environmental impact assessments.
What actions does NEPA apply to?
Permit applications
Federal land management actions
Construction of highways and other public facilities
Airports
Buildings
Military complexes
Parkland purchases
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, 1973
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from cradle to grave. This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste.
Tax Reform Act of 1986
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was the top domestic priority of President Reagan’s second term. The act lowered federal income tax rates, decreasing the number of tax brackets and reducing the top tax rate from 50 percent to 28 percent.
Policy Delphi
this method, developed for the U.S. military in 1944, is used to create a consensus among two or more conflicting groups. The members of each PLANNING CERTIFICATION Plan Making & Implementation 92 group are asked to complete a series of questions, typically written as hypotheses about the given topic, and the answers to the questions are presented anonymously to both groups. The responses to the questions from each group are presented to the entire participating group in successive rounds of arguments and counterarguments until the range of opinions between the groups gradually decreases and a consensus is reached.
Focus Group
this technique is an inexpensive and relatively fast alternative compared to larger community efforts and uses a small group of people that represent a sample of a larger population to understand public opinion towards a few, specific subjects. A focus group is typically assembled in an informal setting and a group leader directs the discussion about pointed subjects to determine the groups outlook on said subjects.
Charrette
this technique is characterized by an intensive, collaborative effort to produce a product, typically a detailed design or plan, and build consensus around said product. A design charrette is typically a short process lasting approximately one to three days. This technique brings together members of the project team with citizens and project stakeholders and is effective at building a consensus between all of the involved parties.
Visual Preference Survey
this technique uses visual aid to help citizens evaluate design alternatives. Typically, participants of a visual preference survey are asked to evaluate a group of pictures showing different design options of the same facility and score them to indicate the alternative that they deem most suitabl
Mixed Uses
to what extent different land uses coexist or are mixed
Transactive Planning
Transactive Planning: John Friedmann published a book in 1973 titled “Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning.” Friedmann recognized that under advocacy planning, planners were still serving as technical experts determining alternatives. Transactive planning theory was a response to advocacy planning that aimed to get the public involved in the planning process. In transactive planning, planners meet with individual community members to discuss issues. Through mutual learning, the planner shares technical information with citizens, and citizens provided the planner with community knowledge. These meetings help the planner develop a plan. Transactive planning, similar to advocacy planning, believed planning could not merely be scientific. The largest critique of transactive planning is that meeting with citizens individually and having an engaging dialogue of mutual learning is time consuming. Also, determining the value or importance of each person’s knowledge is difficult and it cannot work where there are large disparities of opinions among stakeholders.
Transcontinental Railroad
Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined at Promontory Point, Utah to form the transcontinental railroad in 1869
Regional Shift
Unique local factors relating to local employment growth or decline
Nominal Group Technique
variation on brainstorming; question is asked to a group and each individual answers, all answers are recorded and prioritized by the group as a whole
1st Historic Preservation commission
Vieux Carre, New Orleans (1921)
Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller (1933), there’s no minimum market theshold to bring a firm to a city, but there is a maximum
Saul Alinsky
was an American community activist and political theorist. His work through the Chicago-based Industrial Areas Foundation helping poor communities organize to press demands upon landlords, politicians, bankers and business leaders won him national recognition and notoriety. Responding to the impatience of a New Left generation of activists in the 1960s, Alinsky – in his widely cited Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer (1971) – defended the arts both of confrontation and of compromise involved in community organizing as keys to the struggle for social justice.
Blue infrastructure
water based infrastructure, such as stormwater management, bioretention, rain gardens, swales, reservoirs, and constructed wetlands
Special Districts
Water, transit, development
National Historic Preservation Act (1966)
What does the NHPA do?
Establishes a national policy
The NHPA created a national policy for preserving historic buildings and archaeological sites.
Creates the National Register of Historic Places
The NHPA created a list of historic properties that are significant to American history, architecture, and more.
Requires federal agencies to consider historic properties
The NHPA requires federal agencies to consider how their projects will affect historic properties.
Creates state historic preservation offices
The NHPA requires each state to have its own office that works on historic preservation.
Creates the President’s Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
The NHPA established an advisory council to help with historic preservation.
Why was the NHPA created?
The NHPA was created in response to the rapid destruction of historic places due to federally-funded projects.
The NHPA was created to ensure that future generations could appreciate the nation’s history.
What is a historic property?
A historic property is a building, structure, site, or object that is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.
A historic property is usually at least 50 years old and retains its integrity.
Environmental Policy
Wildlife habitat (T&E), stormwater runoff/water quality relationship, water quality & quantity issues, surface & groundwater, functions of wetlands, air quality/public health relationship
Zip Code stands for
Zone Improvement Plan Code v
Goal, Objective, Policy, and Program Differences
vGOAL: value-based statement, not necessary measurable; should include purpose, scope and context vOBJECTIVE: more specific, measurable statement of a desired end; should include location, character, and timing vPOLICY: rule or course of action that indicates how the goals and/or objectives of the plan should be realized; should include principles, agreements, laws, regulations, and resolutions vPROGRAM: series of related, mission-orientated activities aimed at carrying out a particular goal or policy; should include initiatives, projects, milestones, costs and responsibilities
Chesapeake Bay Agreement, 1983
§ Address and plan for pollution affecting the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
The basic steps of plan making and implementation:
§ Identification of stakeholders § Defining and identifying problems § Gathering information and analysis § Developing alternatives/evaluating impacts § Selecting an alternative § Budget and implementation § Evaluation and amendment § Achievement
1964 Economic Opportunity Act
§ Part of Johnson’s War on Poverty/Great Society § Head Start remains v Created Community Action Agencies
These local agencies were funded by the federal government to help with poverty issues
Established the Office of Economic Opportunity
This office oversaw and coordinated anti-poverty programs
Provided access to services
The EOA helped people get services like job counseling, health care, and childcare
Provided educational opportunities
The EOA provided early childhood education, vocational training, and work-study programs
Mobilized volunteers
The EOA created Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) to help in low-income communities
