Impacts of globalisation - winners + losers

Question 1

Some countries remain switched off due to..

Answer 1

• Political corruption/ideology (North Korea)
• location (Gambia - poor development and physically isolated doesnt attract FDI + only 35% of Gambia’s 1.8 mil pop access to electricity)
• Poor infrastructure, unskilled workforce, crime, weak market, debt, unstable currencies

Question 2

Globalisation has encouraged western companies to…

Answer 2

Gravitate towards Asia for cheap manufacturing (outsourcing.)

Question 3

India - winner

Answer 3

Globalisation caused:

- improvements in infrastructure, wages. poverty reduction, education + training.

Question 4

India - loser

Answer 4

• loss of productive land for urban settlements, encouraged unplanned settlements e.g. Dharvai, Mumbai.
• Outsourcing (call centres) = workers exploited - long hours + have to work nights + gap between wealthy and poor is widening.
• environmental/resource pressure:
• E.g. The ganges - toxic
  industrial waste dumped.

Question 5

China - loser

Answer 5

In 1990s, cities e.g. Shenzhen offered investors a large pool of cheap labour for manufacturing - sweatshops
- TNCs outsourcing to China has vastly increased
Many exploited + working conditions are dangerous -
chemical contact, long hours, limited human
rights, relaxed health & safety regulations - 1300 children poisoned by a manganese factory in Wenping township, Hunan province - opened without approval of environmental protection bureau.
- The environment degraded - Rivers and waterways become polluted with arsenic, lead and other dangerous chemicals + air becomes polluted with
particulates = increase of asthma suffers
and pollution-related fatalities - 460 million in north east china stay inside due to smog.
- 75% of major lakes classified as highly polluted due to industrial waste dumping.

Question 6

China - winner

Answer 6

• Global shift of manufacturing = reduced extreme poverty in China from 60% in 1990 to 16% in 2005.
• New production methods and techniques brought by TNCs have now been adopted by local companies = causing local economic development - e.g. chinese producing own smartphone - Xiaomi.
• Locals, especially in rural areas who would otherwise be dependent on subsidence farming, now earn a wage.
• more people able to have luxuries - 1/100 families have a car now its 1/5 have a car since 2005.

Question 7

Developed countries - losers

Answer 7

• Globalisation caused deindustrialisation - due to manufacturing moving to developing countries - caused social + environmental problems e.g. dereliction, contamination (industrial waste) depopulation, crime, high unemployment.
  E.g. Northern England suffered when mining/textile industries closed + US - Ford, GM + Chrysler employed 1.5 mil now only 250,000.

Question 8

Saudi arabia - winner

Answer 8

• abundance of physical oil resources produce petrodollar wealth from trade.

Question 9

Bangladesh - loser

Answer 9

• Collapse of the Rana Plaza factory 2013 (1134 people killed) impacted many garment TNCs - whole industry faced intense scrutiny over TNCs exploiting workers and providing unsafe working conditions.

Question 10

How China attracts TNC’s

Answer 10

• China’s open door policy

- SEZ’s (which reduce taxes) set up in the East to attract FDI + TNC’s.

Question 11

Togo - loser

Answer 11

• 60% of forested land lost to urbanisation, logging, cash cropping.