IMPACT ON WIDER SOCIETY

Question 1

Overview

Answer 1

• crime = areas isolated/rundown
• stigma attached to living in these areas keeps people from moving there, and creates social barriers/ lack of oppurtinities
• loss of community, e.g job losses in Scotland 80s lead to loss of purpose identity and thus increased crime

Question 2

Broken windows theory -

Answer 2

• criminological theory ( visible signs of crime promotes more crime)
• cycle of crime
• high crime = business relocate, professionals leave and thus council budget decreases, resources decrease thus quality of life decrease thus more crime
• this causes: social isolation due to fear
  Fear of using public spaces
  Damaged community spirit and neighbourliness
  Low income communicates face this the most

Question 3

Impact on wealth/economy - stats

Answer 3

• low income areas become less peaceful and face higher impact of crime than wealthy areas
• The richest areas in the UK saw a 12% reduction in crime rates compared with a reduction of only 3% in the poorest. ( 2011-14)
• in 2020 , the most deprived areas had a crime rate 3.6 times higher than the least deprived areas.
• consistent correlation between deprived areas and the amount of inmates they produce
• in 2016,the most deprived area ML2 postcode, produced 113 inmates
• supported by the metros deprivation map
• areas with high rates of crime have high rates of unemployment

Question 4

Economy- international comparison

Answer 4

• 24/7 wall st generated an index to find the most/least peaceful states
• Louisiana = least , Maine = most
• Louisiana has the highest murder rates , the 7th lowest average household income and the 3rd highest unemployment rates
• 25 most peaceful states only 5 have poverty rates higher than the country average

Question 5

White collar

Answer 5

• financially motivated, non-violent
• fraud,bribery,pyramid schemes, insider trading embezzlement, cybercrime, forgery,corruption
• upper class
  -viewed as less serious/ less deserving of punishment due to class bias
• “victimless crime” victims usually govs/ institutions so hard to pin-point harm thus hard to prosecute
• more complex, easily concealed through insider knowledge, abuse of trust/expertise/education
• small un-noticeable harm to many victims, harm to public health or environment etc..
• harm is not measurable like with assault

Question 6

Blue collar

Answer 6

Crimes include-
Burglary
Property crimes
Theft crimes
Sex crimes
Drug crimes
Assault
- injury to people or property = detectable = punishable
- systematic prejudice
- crimes of desperation/ bred by society

Question 7

White collar blue collar international comparison

Answer 7

United States
- a 2017 report by the FBI found that an estimated 300B is lost annually to white collar crime
- business also harmed - billions given to investors who were harmed by fraud

Question 8

White collar blue collar Marxism

Answer 8

• white collar crime does more harm than street crime
• similar death rates in both blue collar and white collar crimes but only blue are prosecuted
• street crime = 4B a year in U.S but corporate crime = 20x that
• capitalism = competitive/ individualistic lifestyles = crime
• private ownership vs public duty - self interest
• Gordon - dog eat dog world, especially in America with poor welfare services
• selective law enforcements works to keep the capitalist society in place and protect the ruling class
  -the same society that breeds and causes the crime
• jail keeps radicals out of view

Question 9

Private sector

Answer 9

• run by private individuals or groups
• businesses (small or chains)
• small businesses lose 13,000 annually to theft
• businesses lose billions to online theft, fraud , data loss
  -similar rise in china - illegal collection of personal savings deposits, misuse of public funds,Fraud
• identity theft - almost 3 billion
• cost of crime/prevention on retailers risen to almost 2B
• customer theft = 80% of all incidents
  -overall economy suffers as rise of prices
• argyl arcade 2016 theft , suffered lasting economic effect

Question 10

Public sector

Answer 10

• organised crime costs 37B annually
  -4600 organised crime groups
• impacts uk citizens more than any other nationally security threat
• costs AUS and NZD around 6% of its GDP
• third highest amount of gov spending given to criminal justice
• billions lost to fraud in public sector ( tax, benefits, NHS)

Question 11

Private sector international comparison

Answer 11

• New Zealand , private sector crime = 7B annually
• 2016 = uk 55% rise in fraud and South Africa 110%
• lasting effect on economy as reduces investors/tourism

Question 12

White collar stats

Answer 12

• white collar crime is on rise and causes much more unpunished harm than blue collar
• costs £14B a year ( 5x that of burglary)
• 60% in England and 70% in Germany admit to some level of it
• collapse of business like BHS are example of harm caused ( pension loss for employees??)
• prosecutions downs 12% in last decade despite rise in reported crimes