Impact of skill classification on structure of practice for learning

Question 1

whole practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 1

• practicing a skill in its entirety without breaking into sub-routines
• promotes understanding pf the skill, establishes links between sub-routines and creates kinesthetic
• EXAMPLE - cycling

Question 2

when do we use whole practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 2

• when a skill is fast , ballistic and sicrete
• when skill is highly organised and cannot be broken down into subroutines
• the skill is simple and does not require much thought
• when the performer needs to get a feel for the whole skill (kinesthesis)
• the performer is advanced and in the autonomous stage of learning

Question 3

advantages of whole practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 3

• gives a feel for the skill as the links between sub-routines are maintained (kinaesthic)
• creates a mental image of the skill which is stored in LTM
• more realistic than part practice therefore helps transfer of leraning
• helps make the skill more consistent and habitual

Question 4

disadvantages of whole practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 4

• sometimes place unnecessary demands on the performer meaning they are unable to cope
• more likely to fatigue quicker
• infomation overload if no breaks occur

Question 5

whole part whole practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 5

• the performer firstly practice the skill as a whole
• each subroutine can then be highlighted and practised individually
• the ;earner can practicea weaker subroutine in isolation to improve this aspect of the skill
• once practised and perfected would then put back together the whole skill
• EXAMPLE - swimming (bilateral breathing) - kick board and breathing

Question 6

advantages of whole part whole

methods of presenting practice

Answer 6

• can provide motivation when success is achieved
• provides immediate feedback therefore errors are corrected quicker
• fluency and integration of subroutines can still be maintained
• suitable for high complex skills and low organisation skills

Question 7

disadvantages of whole part whole

methods of presenting practice

Answer 7

• may produce negative transfer if the practiced subroutine is not intergrated back into the skill in the same session
• more time consuming
• not suitable for high organised skills

Question 8

progressive part practice

methods of presenting practice

Answer 8

• chaining - linking the subroutines together in a specifc order
• the first part of the skill is taugh then the rest are added in sequence
• ideal when teaching serial skills, when the order of the subroutines are important
• good for more dangerous skills, such as trampolings seqence
• EXAMPLE - triple jump - hope , skip , jump

Question 9

advantages of progressive part

methods of presenting practice

Answer 9

• good for low organised skills, serial skills that can be broken down
• can build intial understanding and may improve confidence
• allows both player and coach to focus on specific weakness that needs to be developed

Question 10

disadvanatges of progressive part

methods of presenting practice

Answer 10

• may affect the performers ability to transfer each subroutines into the whole skill
• mau lose the overall kinaesthetic sense of skill
• extermely time consuming

Question 11

overlearning

types of practice

Answer 11

• is when the performer has already perfected the skill being learned but still carries on practising
• this extra time can strengthen motor programmes and schema

Question 12

schema theory

types of practice

Answer 12

• a schema is a store of infomation in the long term memory
• example - infomation about the environment and kinesthic feedback

Question 13

types of practice

types of practice

Answer 13

• massed
• varied
• distrubted
• mental

Question 14

massed practice

types of practice

Answer 14

• learners practice continously a skill without any breaks or rest periods
• used for skills that are discrete , simple and closed
• good for expirence, highly motivated learners who have good levels of fitness
• EXAMPLE - basket ball players practicing shooting

Question 15

advantages of massed practice

types of practice

Answer 15

• promotes fitness - performer can cope with extended demands of a task
• good for making skills habitual as numerous repetitions can occur
• efficient use of players and coaches time
• motor programmes can be stored more easily

Question 16

disadvanatges of massed practice

types of practice

Answer 16

• can cause fatigue espically if the performer lacks fitness
• this could lead to negative transfer unless the coach makes realistic practice situations
• the demands on performer are high , so the drills should be simple and the player needs to be motivated
• difficult for beginners

Question 17

distributed practice

types of practice

Answer 17

• pracite sessions that have rest intervals
• could be used when performer open skills and the coach wishes to explain or add to the drill
• good for learning continous skills
• EXAMPLE- swimming

Question 18

advantages of distrubted practice

types of practice

Answer 18

• rest periods allow for recovery time (mentally and physically)
• this provides an oppurtunity for the learner to recieve extrinsic feedback on how to improve
• rest intervals allow the leraner to permit mental practice
• good for beginners and when the skill is dangerous
• good increase motivation

Question 19

disadvanatges of distrubuted practice

types of practice

Answer 19

• time consuming - shouldnt be used when tight for time or a compettion coming up
• not as useful for expert players who need to advance
• negative transfer could occur if the rest period isnt intergrated back into the session

Question 20

varied practice

types of practice

Answer 20

• where a skill is practice in many different environments
• most suitable method for the practice for open/externally paced skills where the environment in unpredicatble
• it is essential that practice conditions should be realistic as possible
• EXAMPLE - a netball mini game 5 v 4 focusing on passing, positioning play abd support will improve in an enviorment that is realistic to the game

Question 21

advantages of varied practice

types of practice

Answer 21

• the performer is able to adapt the skill to suit different environments
• may add motivation due to the different practice conditions
• helps build subroutines within a skill
• helps to adapt existing schemas

Question 22

disadvantages of varied practice

types of practice

Answer 22

• can be time consuming
• negative transfer can occure unless the aims of the practice sessions are explained
• unneccesary demands may be placed on the performer so fatigue can set in
• beginners may stuggle as there are many things to focus on

Question 23

mental practice

types of practice

Answer 23

• where a performer goes through the movement in their mind without physical movement occuring
• great when combined with physcial practice
• may ise during warm up to aid preparation
• a performer may rehearse a set move or a routine in their mind before a perforamce
• EXAMPLE - rhythmic gymnastics

Question 24

internal mental practice

types of practice

Answer 24

• imagining what the skill feels like to perform

Question 25

external mental practice

types of practice

Answer 25

• forming an image of yourself performing the skill

Question 26

beginners mental practice

types of practice

Answer 26

• may use mental practice during a distrubted practice session
• should be used to lower arousal and anxiety , build confidence and to provide basic picture of the skill

Question 27

expert mental practice

types of practice

Answer 27

• mental practice should be established and can be used for major games
• specifc tactics , strategies and opponents can be focused on

Question 28

advanatges of mental practice

types of practice

Answer 28

• can improve confidence and lower anxiety
• can stimulate muscle receptors therefore reaction times are increased
• can improved decision making ability
• can ve done when injured , helping to maintain the memory of a skill

Question 29

disadvantages of mental practice

types of practice

Answer 29

• should not be used as an alternative to physical practice (mental not as efficent on its own)
• must be done in a calm enviornment