IMPACT OF NAPOLEON ON EUROPE 1799-1815 Flashcards
1
Q
pay reunis
A
- states directly under french rule
ie: - piedmont from 1802
- tuscany
- papal states
2
Q
pay conquis
A
- states indirectly ruled by france
- they are independent satellite states, but they are ruled by frenchmen (ie those close to napoleon)
- create a buffer zone around pay reunis
ie:
- naples from 1806 ruled by joseph
- kingdoms of spain
- kingdom of westphalia ruled by jerome
3
Q
pays allies
A
- allied territories which owed allegiance to napoleon
ie:
- russia (post 1812)
- austria
- grand duchy of warsaw
4
Q
confederation of the rhine
A
- confederation of german states established after austerlitz in 1806
- mainly to unify under napoleon’s control
5
Q
describe the nature of napoleon’s policies in annexed territories
A
- states were divided into departments to manage civil affairs
- they were divided to create a corps system
- feudalism was abolished
- noble + church land sold
*napoleon introduced the same policies used in france as in the pay reunis
- ie concordat, civil code / napoleonic code, imperial university, civil / administrative courts, tax etc
*they were ruled pretty much in the same way as france was
6
Q
describe the nature of napoleon’s policies in satellite states
A
- the idea / motivation behind policies was the same, but direct policies from france were not implemented
- napoleon promoted revolutionary values of liberty, fraternity, equality
- but, napoleon left administration to the nobles / hierarchy of these territories
- on a surface level they are united
7
Q
motivations for napoleon for expanding his empire / creating an empire
A
- universal empire / greed - personal ambition with charlemange
- encourage french nationalism - ‘common fatherland’
- enlightenment
- material gain
8
Q
how was napoleon motivated by charlemange and a universal empire to expand his empire / actions which demonstrate this
A
- he was obsessed by the empire built by charlemange
- by 1810, the empire exceeded the area of charlemange
- in 1806 + 1808 he was corresponding with C
- he had a ‘rivalry’ with C and felt this need to ‘outdo’ C
actions:
- napoleon crowns himself king of italy and stops donations into italy
9
Q
when does napoleon crown himself king of italy
A
26th may 1805
- no papal support
10
Q
general impact of napoleon’s policies on pay reunis and pay conquis
A
- napoleon militarily developed these areas to create a buffer zone from european invasion
- pay reunis were regarded as an extension of old regime france
- he attempted to socially develop (ie abolish feudalism), but failed (ie piedmont)
- consolidated the powers of a ruling class and meritocratic society
- generally, minimal impact
11
Q
how was napoleon motivated by material gain when expanding / creating an empire
A
- over time, he saw war as a good thing because it fuelled his ambitions
- war would provide material goods and loyalty from local elites who would give him a monopoly over local goods
- money from battles would prop up france
ie:
- jena 1806 = prussia pays 311 million francs
- reunite the economy of the kingdom of italy - pay france 1.5 million annually
12
Q
how was napoleon motivated by enlightenment thought to expand empire
A
- napoleon wanted to promote the idea of a secular state
- idea of promoting original revolutionary values
- he introduced the civil code (code napoleon by 1808) and concordat in territory
- remove absolute rule and notions of privilege
- he removed property inheritance and attempted to remove feudalism (idea of equality of property)
13
Q
napoleon economic policies in empire / examples of financial pressure on empire
A
- FRANCE FIRST - expectation that other states would provide / input into the french budget
- napoleon dismantled guilds + internal trade barriers to maximise revenue
- taxation rates were high to boost revenue for france (increase in kingdom if italy by 50% from 05-11’)
- ie napoleon scolded joseph (king of naples) in 1806 for not prioritising french interests - economic pressure put on satellite states
- ie 1806 jena defeat = 311 million
- satellite states = 1/3 of army
- from 1806, 6 million inhabitants paid a collective 1.5 to france/year - continental blockade
- destroy italian silk
- all silk went to lyons, not lombardy - donations
- would provide to the wealthy elite
ie:
- naples - had 100 different taxes and it was replaced by 1) a land tax and 2) an industry tax
14
Q
napoleon social policies in empire
A
- 1808 - titles of count, baron etc were brought in
- land gifts / donations to recipients / members of empire
- code napoleon in 1808
- concordat 1801 = end to secular privilege of church (discontent in spain)
- napoleon seized pope in 1809
- feudalism
15
Q
3 stats about napoleon’s donations in empire
A
- westphalia was providing over 10.5 million/18 million (total income of donations) a year
- donations were purely enjoyed by only 4000 people
- land donations took 1/5 revenue from former royal lands and made the duchy state go bankrupt
16
Q
napoleon’s response to having no papal support
A
- stops donations to italty
- imprisons the pope in 1809
- annexes the papal states to the kingdom of italy
17
Q
treaty of pressburg
A
- 26th december 1805
- imposes harsh terms on austria after their defeat at austerlitz
- austria is forced to accept french dominance in northern italy etc
18
Q
how was napoleon motivated by a desire to promote nationalism to expand empire
A
- post-1806, he became much more ruthless in his nature / despotic
- he encouraged nationalist sentiment during his consolidation, quashed it once he had consolidated properly
- he wanted to further french sentiment (ie told la cases in 1815 that there were 30 million frenchmen in europe + empire must expand to further national education / agglomerate)
19
Q
napoleon’s social influence over empire + examples
A
- legalisation of divorce under napoleonic codes and fully implemented by 1810
- removal of rights and privileges of clergy
- abolish feudalism
- concordat of 1801 widely implemented (secularisation + remove church dominance over education etc)
- religious property goes on sale
- napoleon had power to appoint people in empire to be loyal - would marry his family into other monarchies
- imperial nobility + hierarchy
20
Q
napoleon not having social influence over empire + examples
A
- code napoleon is not implemented in rome, despite napoleon wanting it to be implemented
- peasantry only have limited opportunity to purchase land
- donations (constricted to limited number of people)
21
Q
napoleon having political influence over empire
A
- remove feudal system + seignurial dues etc
- only 600 families collected 80% of feudal dues
- prefect system + gendarmarie
22
Q
napoleon not having political influence over empire
A
- naples = napoleon’s political reform was pushed back on (ie napoleonic code not introduced until 1810)
23
Q
napoleon having economic influence over empire
A
- removal of tax privileges (single tax imposed on land)
- naples = roderer replaced over 100 bourbon taxes with a single tax on land + industry
- gogel introduced a uniform land tax at 25% of rental value in holland
- focus of economy shifts away from agriculture, moving more closely into mercantalism
- nobility and clergy were forced to pay more taxes, burden not as heavily on peasants
- war was placing too many economic burdens on ruled territories
24
Q
napoleon not having economic influence over empire
A
- labour contracts remained present in poland in 1807 despite the abolition of serfdom
25
how did french military expenditure increase from 1807-1813
1807 - 460 million francs
1813 - 817 million francs
26
napoleon not having a military influence over empire
- napoleon's conscription forced 24,000 to flee italy from 1809-1814
27
napoleon military influence over empire
- forced each state to maintain an army of 55,000
- napoleon demanded 1.5 million from italian leaders who spoke about not being able to provide 100,000 men for the russian campaign
28
describe the continental blockade
- implemented by the 1806 berlin decree
- 21st november
- would block imports from britain and create a self sufficient economic ecosystem within france
- protect european markets from foreign, british competition (obsession w britain)
29
positive impacts of continental blockade
1. growth of industry in unpredictable area
- ie belgium cotton and textile industries boomed due to no british competition
- no british coal and mining = good for rhineland
2. local development
- increased employment of locals
- expands trading links
- lyons develops for its silk production
30
negative impacts of continental blockade
1. limited trading opportunity
- non french manufacturing suffers
- piedmont was prohibited from trading w anyone but lyons
- 1806 + 1810 - napoleon abolished traditional trading links to prioritise trade w france
- italy only traded w france at fear of being annexed
- satellite states could only have manufacturing in areas which complement not compete w french industry
- shipbuilding industry declines due to limited overseas trade
2. creates gap in standard of life
- agriculture prices drop + standard of living drops - no demand for goods due to no competing w france
- northern italy was extremely prosperous, southern italy was extremely poor
- insufficient markets in britain
31
describe napoleon's dynasty
- napoleon would marry members of his family into other monarchies within europe, in order to have loyalty from other french generals
(ie brother joseph became king of naples in 1808)
32
impact of feudalism on empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
- napoleon tried to undermine feudalism but failed
improve:
- serfdom was abolished in bavaria (no status of peasants)
- privilege was abolished everywhere except poland - equality
not improve:
- the aristocracy in italy of 600 families were collecting 80% revenue (naples)
- in belgium, the peasants were only left with 9% of land, but bourgeoisie 57%
33
impact of new legal practices on empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
- law was reformed for the most part, but difficult to change quickly
- revolutionary changes were heavily opposed
improve:
- all citizens were equal before the law
- napoleon introduced the civil code and napoleonic code
not improve:
- the civil code and divorce legislation was never fully applied in rome
- count beugnot protested these - precedent to oppose napoleonic ruke
34
impact of church and state on empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
improve:
- better relationship with pope due to implementation of the concordat
- the church and state were formally separated - ie no impact over education
not improve:
- napoleon wanted to protect church land
- hostilities in empire - catholics felt that a removal of church protection threatened their protection from jews etc
35
how did education and infrastructure of empire improve and not improve under napoleon
improve:
- engineering schools introduced in italy (educated population to fuel war)
- local infrastructure = 1800 oil lamps in naples
- improve living conditions - remove opposition
not improve:
- the government only invested in schooling when it wanted to, and did not invest in schooling beyond secondary school
- political economy was banned to be discussed
- no universities built in dusseldorf
36
what counts under social policy
- education and infrastructure
- feudalism
- law / order
- religion
37
what counts under economic policy
- taxation
38
what counts under military policy
- conscription
39
impact of local administration on empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
improve:
- more individuals in positions of expertise (ie roderer in switzerland, holland and naples + 100 taxes into 1)
- highly centralised administration - loyalty etc - minister of interior
- local prefects, gendaramie (supervised local law and order)
- cautious of healthcare - ie vaccinations against smallpox
not improve:
- administration was too centralised and allow a build up of local power (ie roderer - individuals have too much power)
40
impact of conscription on grand empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
improve:
- conscription was gradual in naples to ease people into the idea
- very loyal population - only 10% desertion rates
- napoleon had access to a stable, reliable military
not improve:
- conscription would always lead to revolt (ie financial implications for no army - ITALY) - pop declines - bitter
- in westphalia, only 30,000 people volunteered from a 2 million population - knew the burdens
- troops were given national conscience and would unite against nap
41
rising at tryol
- uprising in 1808 against the introduction of conscription
- french control over conscription and to control the population declines and becomes weaker over time
42
impact of taxation systems on empire (did it improve and not improve empire)
improve:
- roderer in naples - simplifcation of tax from 100 down to 2 (one land tax, one industry tax) - efficient admin
- revenues in italy from 1805-1811 rose by 50%
- widespread and equal taxation system
not improve:
- money and revenue generated from taxation only depleted profits (ie in warsaw = 1/5) - making more money but giving money away in donations
- napoleon made mass change to the economy, not always bringing economic benefits to france (ie flour tax)
- war was often distracting from the economic benefits empire was facing
- over time, resistance to taxation grew
43
policing system in empire
- the gendarmie policing system was imposed (only rejected in spain) - local law and order
- policing in empire was viewed as oppressive if imposed
- policing was needed to enforce loyalty in empire and promote lawless behaviour (ie the rhineland)
44
which social groups in empire supported and did not support napoleon
supported:
- nobility / elite
- educated bourgeoisie
- merchants and manufacturers
- conservative individuals
not support:
- peasantry
45
resistance in empire to napoleonic rule
1. uprising in tryol in 1808 to conscription
2. uprisings in holland from 1811-1812 due to anti-conscription
3. jacobin uprising in bologna in 1802 for disbanding of the national guard - led by stilettani
46
population and department number in france by 1810
44 million population
130 departments
47
impact of continental blockade on europe (general analysis)
- lack of overseas trade
- goods were forced to be sold within empire, but markets were not sufficient enough to boost demand
- over-production = collapse in prices
48
arno department
39% of land purchasers were aristocrats in the arno department
*benefit of nobility
49
aristocrats who gained french land
- piedmontes family in cavour
- they become president of italy etc -- they gain massive amounts of french land and entrench feudalism
50
manufacturers + merchants do benefit from napoleonic rule + don't benefit
do:
- 1811 = department of ruhr became the most industrialised
- 1799-1805 = new cotton mills established in cologne
- commercial and working classes buy 31% of land in piedmont (access to land)
don't benefit:
- lack of benefit in northern italy
- seigneuralism left nobles in charge of society and land in northern italy
51
opinion of jewish people on napoleon
- viewed napoleon as a 'liberating figure'
- napoleon allowed them to get legal emancipation (which wasn't provided in other areas in europe)
- march 1808 = napoleon organised for jewish worship and a synagogue in each department
- challenge feudalism + seigneurialism
52
2 conservatives in europe who benefit from napoleonic rule
1. schimmelpennick - landowner and leader in holland who thought napoleonic rule would preserve dutch independence, obv it doesn't
2. melzi - supported napoleon to crush radical italians and provide administrative benefits
53
educated bourgeoisie do benefit and do not benefit from napoleonic rule
do benefit:
- massive opportunity for public servants - 1805 = over 5000 employed public servants
- ending of feudalism = expand opportunities for bourgeoisie
don't benefit:
- opportunities for highest posters were reserved for people of french origin / limited to administrative roles
- melzi - only appointed members from aristocratic families
54
describe administration of empire under napoleon's family
beauharnais:
- italy = no feudalism, bring in code napoleon, education + good legal system
kingdom of naples:
- faced opposition for introduction of code napoleon
louis in hollan:
- failed to introduce conscription
- refused to abdicate in 1810
55
difference between the state of economies in different types of states
- pay conquis = preferential treatment
- pay reunis - not allowed to develop industries which competed with french products, they would only supply the raw materials
56
impact of napoleonic rule on agriculture
- no difference to small scale subsistence farmers
- created an inequality gap between the north and south within italy
- but the napoleonic economy was reliant on agriculture due to a lack of industry
57
change over time of social policies
- by 1808, implementing social reform became less important than foriegn conflict
- the loyalty of soldiers was more important than reform
58
stats on conscription
- grand duchy of berg = 1806 = population of 50,000 had to provide 500 men for army
- 25% of conscripts evade military service in 1800
59
- continental blockade
- paying of taxation
