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Biology Flash Cards > Immuology > Flashcards

Immuology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give an example of a physical defence mechanism

A

Skin( epithelium) , Tiny hairs ( cilla)

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2
Q

What type of cells release histamine

A

Mast cells

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3
Q

Give to effects of histamine on blood vessels during the inflammatory response

A

Vasodilation and increase capillary permeability

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4
Q

Name two substances delivered to the site of infection during the inflammatory response

A

Antimicrobial proteins ,clotting elements,phagocytes

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5
Q

What type of cells Carrie out apoptosis

A

Natural killer cells

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6
Q

Some two types of cells that release cytokines

A

Phagocytes and T lymphocytes

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7
Q

What part of a pathogen is recognised by phagocytes

A

Surface antigens

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8
Q

How do natural killer cells bring about apoptosis in pathogens

A

Induce the pathogen to produce self-destructive enzymes

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9
Q

What chemicals are released in response to tissue damage or invasion by pathogens

A

Histamine and cytokines

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10
Q

An antigen binds to a lymphocyte stimulating it’s repeated division what is this process called

A

Clonal selection theory

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11
Q

What feature of lymphocytes allows them to distinguish between self and non self cells

A

They have specific surface proteins

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12
Q

Briefly describe auto- immune disease

A

T lymphocytes respond to self antigens present in the body and attack the body tissues

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13
Q

Give a definition of an allergy

A

B lymphocytes become hypersensitive to certain normally harmless antigens

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14
Q

Name two types of cells that are activated by cytokines

A

B lymphocytes, phagocytes

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15
Q

Briefly describe an antigen presenting cell

A

Cell that has been infected by pathogens and displays their antigens on its surface

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16
Q

What process is activated by antigen presenting cells

A

Specific immune response

17
Q

Briefly describe what b lymphocytes clones do

A

Clones if B cells secret a load of antibodies into the blood stream -act by recognising antigens to inactivate pathogens or make them more easily targeted

18
Q

Give two differences between a primary and secondary immune response

A

Primary exposure causes illness,secondary exposure does not

Primary response is slow,secondary response is fast

19
Q

Name three ways infectious disease can be transmitted

A

Vector organisms, contaminated food/drink , body fluids, direct physical contact, indirect physical contact

20
Q

Name three ways in which transmission of infections diseases may be controlled

A

Quarantine,antisepsis,social responsibility,drug therapies,immunisation,epidemiology

21
Q

What is it meant by epidemiology

A

The study of transmission of infectious diseases

22
Q

Place theses in order of seriousness: sporadic,pandemic,epidemic,endemic

A

Pandemic,epidemic,endemic,sporadic

23
Q

Name three techniques that might be used to control an epidemic of a disease

A

Quarantine,drug therapy,immunisation

24
Q

Briefly describe a vaccination

A

Using an antigen that has been made harmless to produce an immune response and memory cells

25
Q

Hat is the purpose of an adjuvant

A

Substance added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response

26
Q

Give three features of the design of clinical trials

A

Randomised, double- blinded and placebo- controlled

27
Q

Why is a large group size important clinical trials

A

To reduce th e magnitude of experimental error compared to determine weather there are any statistically significant differences between the groups

28
Q

Briefly describe herd immunity

A

If a large percentage of a population are immune, non immune individuals are protected as there is a lower probability that they will come into contact with infected individuals

29
Q

Name three factors that affect the herd immunity threshold

A

Type of disease
Contact perimeters,
Vaccine efficiency

30
Q

Name three problems that make wide spread vaccination of individuals difficult

A

Poverty,lack of nourishment (knowledge) , parents rejecting vaccines for their hold because of worries

31
Q

What is meant by the term antigenic variation

A

An pathogen having changed there antigens so it is not detected

32
Q

What effects do changing antigens have on immunological memory

A

The memory cells no longer work on the pathogen so the body can be effected again

33
Q

Name three diseases where antigenic variations make treatment difficult

A

Influenza,HIV, tuberculosis (TB)

34
Q

Briefly describe how HIV affects the human immune system

A

HIV infects and kills T lymphocytes ,meaning the individual is unable to fight of other infections,eventually leads to aids

35
Q

Briefly describe how tuberculosis (TB) avoids immune detention

A

It survives attack by phagocytes, the pathogen prevents lysosomes fusing,with prevents it from being digested and destroyed

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