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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give a definition of cellular differentiation

A

Changes to cells that allow them to specialise for different functions by expression the gene characteristics of that cell

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2
Q

Name two types of stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells , tissue (adult) stem cells

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3
Q

Give two ways that stem cells are different from other body cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells , stem cells can self re-new

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4
Q

What is a somatic cell

A

A body cell that divides my mitosis to produce more body cells

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5
Q

Give two differences between embryonic and tissue ( adult) stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cell are pluripotent,adult stem cells are multipotent.

Embryonic stem cell can differentiate into All cell types , adult stem cell can only differentiate into cells found in the particular type of tissue

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6
Q

By what process do somatic cells divide

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

When germline cells divide by mitosis what do they form

A

More germline cells

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8
Q

When germline cells divide by meiosis what do they form

A

Haploid gametes

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9
Q

In what type of cell would a mutation be passed on to the off spring

A

Germline cells

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10
Q

Give a therapeutic use of stem cells

A

Skin grafts

Corneal grafts

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11
Q

Give one use of stem cells in research

A

Can be used to provide information on cell processes, how diseases develops or drug testing

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12
Q

Give one ethical issue of the use of stem cells

A

In embryonic stem cells a potential human life has to be destroyed to get the stem cells

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13
Q

Give the definition of a tumour

A

A collection of cancer cells produced by excessive,uncontrollable cell division

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14
Q

Give two ways cancer cells are different to other cells

A

Cancer cells are abnormal and do not respond to regulatory signals
Cancers cells can also divide rapidly

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15
Q

How is a secondary tumour formed

A

Cancer cells fail to attach to each other and spread around the blood stream then attach to another part of the body to produce a secondary tumour

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16
Q

Name the three components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate, base , deoxyribose sugar

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17
Q

What type of bonds hold the two DNA strands together

A

Hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

Which end of a DNA strand has a free deoxyribose sugar

A

3’

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19
Q

Name a molecule other than DNA that’s found in chromosomes

A

Associated protein molecules

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20
Q

Name two factors essential for DNA replication

A

Two of:

DNA templates, free DNA nucleotides , primers, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, source of energy (ATP)

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21
Q

Name two processes involve in turning a DNA strand into two template strands

A

Unwinding and unzipping

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22
Q

Which end of the DNA strand doe DNA polymerase add nucleotides to

A

3G’

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23
Q

Which end of the DNA stand has a free phosphate group

A

5’

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24
Q

What enzyme joined DNA fragments together during replication

A

DNA ligase

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25
Q

What is an organisms phenotype determined by

A

The proteins produce by the expression of its genes

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26
Q

Are all the genes in a cells expressed

A

No only a fraction is expressed

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27
Q

Give two types of environmental factors that influence gene expression

A

Intracellular, extracellular factors

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28
Q

Give two processes that are regulated during the control of gene expression

A

Transcription and translation

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29
Q

Give three structural differences between RNA and DNA

A

DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
DNA has the bases thymine (T) , RNA does not and instead has the base uracil (U)
DNA is doubled stranded , RNA is single stranded

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30
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosome

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31
Q

Give two components of a ribosome

A

rRNA , and proteins

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32
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Carries specific amino acids to the ribosome where they can be assembled to make a polypeptide chain

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33
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the transcript of DNA to form a primary transcript

A

RNA polymerase

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34
Q

What DNA bases are complementary to the RNA bases A,U,C,G

A

A-T
U-A
C-G
G-C

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35
Q

Give a definition of an intron

A

A non- coding sequence of DNA

36
Q

What process joins the exon of a primary transcript

A

Splicing

37
Q

Give a definition of an exon

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

38
Q

Where does translation take place

A

Ribosome

39
Q

Explain why tRNA molecules are folded

A

Because it contains both an anticodon and also carries an amino acid

40
Q

Name two specific sites present on all tRNA molecules

A

Amino acid attachment site, triplet anticodon site

41
Q

How many bases are present in an mRNA codon

A

Three

42
Q

How many bases are present in a tRNA anticodon

A

Three

43
Q

What is the name of the process that uses the mRNA code to produce a protein

A

Translation

44
Q

What type of bond holds together amino acids in a protein

A

Peptide bond

45
Q

Name two proteins that allow a single gene to code for many proteins

A

RNA splicing and alternative RNA splicing

46
Q

Give two examples of post translational modification of proteins

A

Phosphorylation-adding a phosphate

Adding a carbohydrate

47
Q

If a gene is mutated what will the consequence be for the protein it codes for

A

Changes the order of the bases with in a gene so alters the amino acid sentence of the protein

48
Q

Give a definition of a substitution mutation

A

One nucleotide removed from a DNA sequence and replaced by another with a different base

49
Q

Give A definition of an insertion mutation

A

Additional nucleotides added into a DNA sequence

50
Q

Give a Definition of a deletion mutation

A

Nucleotide removed from a DNA sequence but not replaced with another

51
Q

Give a definition of bioinformatics

A

Use of computers and statistics in analysis of sequence data

52
Q

What type of medicine depends on an understanding of an individuals genetic risk of disease

A

Personalised medicine

53
Q

What do the letter PCR stand for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

54
Q

What enzyme is used for replication of DNA during PCR

A

DNA polymerase

55
Q

What component of the PCR mix insures that only specific target sequences are replicated

A

Primers

56
Q

What property of an individuals DNA allows them to be identified by DNA profiling

A

Repetitive sequence

57
Q

Are anabolic pathways energy requiring or energy releasing

A

Energy requiring

58
Q

Are catabolic pathways energy requiring or energy releasing

A

Energy releasing

59
Q

What modern theory of enzyme activity has replaced the locking key theory

A

Induced fit

60
Q

In what way does enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction

A

Enzymes reduce activation energy

61
Q

Where on the enzyme does a competitive inhibitor bind

A

Active site

62
Q

How does a non-competitive inhibitor affect and enzymes active site

A

Change is the active site so the molecule Can no longer combine with the substrate molecule

63
Q

Describe feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway

A

When a end product inhibits that activity of an enzyme that catalysed an earlier reaction in the pathway that produced it

64
Q

What is the role of the dehydrogenase enzyme in respiration

A

Removes hydrogen and electrons from intermediates in the citric acid cycle

65
Q

ATP Is use to transfer energy and cells give one other cellular use of ATP

A

Active transport

66
Q

What part of the respiratory pathway Breakstone glucose to form pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

67
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place

A

Cytoplasm

68
Q

Describe the role of phosphofructokinase ( PFK) in glycolysis

A

Enzyme that catalyses the irreversible transfer of a phosphate from atp to fructose-6- phosphate in glycolysis

69
Q

What intermediate is formed from pyruvate when oxygen is present in cells

A

Citric acid cycle

70
Q

When acetyl co enzyme A and oxaloacete combine what do they form

A

Citrate

71
Q

Where in the cell doe the electron transport chain take place

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

72
Q

Name three chemicals that are made or regenerated by the citric acid cycle

A

One ATP, released one CO2 , regeneration on oxaloacetate

73
Q

Name two co-enzymes that can accept hydrogen ions from dehydrogenase enzymes

A

NAD , FAD

74
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

75
Q

What high energy molecules is released when NADH and FADH2 are oxidised in the electron transport chain

A

High energy electrons

76
Q

What type of ions flow through the membrane protein ATP synthase causing it to make ATP

A

H+ ions

77
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

A

Oxygen

78
Q

Name the four substrates for respiration other than sugar molecules

A

Starch , glycogen, protein, fats

79
Q

What enzyme in respiration is inhibited by atp and citrate

A

PFK

80
Q

State the function of creatine phosphate in muscle cells

A

Breaks down to release energy and phosphate, therefore speeding up the production of ATP

81
Q

How much time can creatinine phosphate support strenuous muscle activity for

A

10 seconds

82
Q

Under what conditions do muscles produce lactic acid

A

Oxygen is in short supply in strenuous exercise

83
Q

What type of muscle fibres are best suited to endurance activities

A

Slow twitch fibres

84
Q

What type of muscle fibres best suited for short bursts of activity

A

Fast-twitch fibres

85
Q

Which type of muscle fibres contracts more quickly

A

Fast twitch fibres

Biology Flash Cards (4 decks)

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