Immunotherapy

Question 1

radiation therapy

Answer 1

for cancer, high doses of radiation are applied to the tumor

Question 2

how does radiation therapy work

Answer 2

radiation at high doses can kill cells or slow their growth by damaging their DNA

Question 3

chemotherapy

Answer 3

chemotherapy drugs kill cells when they are dividing by mitosis, killing more cells in fast growing tissues

Question 4

what is tthe modern treatments for cancer

Answer 4

targeted therapies

Question 5

targeted therapies

Answer 5

use targeted therapy drugs, they interfere with a specific feature in cancer cells and largely leave healthy cells alone

Question 6

two main types of targeted therapies

Answer 6

small molecule targeted therapy, immunotherapy

Question 7

small molecule targeted therapy

Answer 7

medicines that block precesses in the body that help cancer cells to grow survive or spread

Question 8

four types of immunotherapy

Answer 8

monoclonal antibodies and t-cell transfer therapies, cytokine therapy and dendritic cell therapy

Question 9

t-cell transfer therapy example

Answer 9

CAR-T therapy: cytotoxic t cells are removed from the patients blood and geneticallyy modified so they have t-cell receptors specific to a protein expressed on the membranes of teh cancer cells

Question 10

immunotherapy

Answer 10

a form of medical treatment that modulates the functioning of the immune system to treat disease

Question 11

two broad categories of immunotheraoy

Answer 11

activation immunottheraoy and suppressive immunotherapy

Question 12

activation immunotherapy

Answer 12

aim to induce or amplify an immune response

Question 13

supression immunotherapy

Answer 13

aim to prevent or reduce an immune response

Question 14

dendritic cell therapy

Answer 14

priming dendritic cekks with tumour-associated antigens (TAA’s), can be achieved through vaccination or removing dendritic cells, priming them with TAAs, then inserting them back into the patient

Question 15

cytokine therapy

Answer 15

use of signallying molecules to modulate the effect of the immune system

Question 16

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 16

antibodies of one type, produced by hybridoma and that bind to a specific antigen

Question 17

how are monoclonal antibodies produced

Answer 17

scientists identify and isolate an antigen that is present on a desired cell, scientists will vaccinate an animal, usually mice with the antigen, b-lymphocytes are extracted from the spleen of the mice, the extracted b lymphocytes are fused with a myeloma cell to create a hydridoma, hybridomas are screened so that tthe cells with the appropriate antibodies are selectedm the hybridomas that produce the specific antibody are cloned, the antibodies are collected and purified before administered

Question 18

myelomaa

Answer 18

cancerous plasma cell

Question 19

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer

Answer 19

used as activation immunotherapy, the types of monoclonal antibodes used are naked or conjugated

Question 21

antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 21

monoclonal antibodies bind to cancer cells and interact with the cells of the immune system e.g. NK cells, leading it to recognise the antibody coated cancer kill and forgein and kill it

Question 22

complement activation

Answer 22

monoclonal antibodies bind to cancer cells and interact with complmenet proteins. complement proteins can then go on to destroy the cancerous cell by forming a membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 23

blocking immune checkpoints

Answer 23

when monoclonal antibodies block immune checkpoints, enabling the immune system to destroy the cncer cell more easily

Question 24

function of conjugated monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

dont alter the immune system system function in any way, they can have other molecules attached to them

Question 25

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat autoimmune diseases

Answer 25

with suppression immunotherapy - cytokine inhibition and b and t cell depletion and inhibition

Question 26

cytokine inhibition

Answer 26

monoclonal antibodies binding and inhibiting cytokines to reduce immune response

Question 27

b and t cell depletion and inhibition

Answer 27

antibodies binding to autoreactive b and t cells to inhibit these cells or stimulate other immune cells to destroy them