Identifying pathogens and disease

Question 1

traditional methods of identifying disease include

Answer 1

observing patient symptoms and observing the morphology of the pathogen and its biochemical reactions

Question 2

ELISA stands for

Answer 2

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 3

serology

Answer 3

the study of blood serum, typically to determine the presence of antibodies and/or antigens

Question 4

ELISA

Answer 4

an experimental technique used to identify a pathogen by determining the presence of antigens or antibodies in a sample

Question 5

what is the sandwhich method of ELISA and how does it work

Answer 5

antibodies specific to a certain pathogen are attached to a plate; (2) the serum sample to be tested is then applied to the plate,
resulting in any pathogen antigens present attaching to the antibodies; (3) a second detection antibody, linked to a colour-changing enzyme, is added to the plate, binding to any antibody-antigen complexes present; (4) a substrate is then added, reacting with the enzyme on the second antibody and changing colour/emitting a signal to reveal whether any pathogenic antigens were present in the sample

Question 6

what are the four metthods of identifying pathogens

Answer 6

physical, phenotypic, immunological and molecular

Question 7

transmission

Answer 7

the passing of a pathogen from an infected host to another individual or group

Question 8

what are the modes of transmission

Answer 8

airborne, droplet, direct-physical contact, indirect-physical contact, faecal-oral transmission ADDIF

Question 9

airborne transmission

Answer 9

pathogens that spread via very small particles that stay in the air for a prolonged period of time after a person, sneezes, coughs, exhales or talks, a person then inhales these particles

Question 10

droplet transmission

Answer 10

if a person touches a surface containing respiratory droplets and then touches mucusal surface

Question 11

indirect physical contact transmission

Answer 11

pathogens are spread between hosts via fomites (food, water, needles) or a vactor

Question 12

faecal oral transmission

Answer 12

pathogens excreted in faeces can end up being consumed by another person indrectly by contaminated food or water

Question 13

what are the key strategies in controlling disease transmission

Answer 13

prevention, screening, quarantine and isolation, identification of pathogen, identify and control modes of transmission, treating infected individuals

Question 14

quarantine and isolation

Answer 14

when a person becomes ill/has the potential to become ill, they are seperated from healthy people to ensure they dont spread their disease to the community

Question 15

identification of pathogen

Answer 15

identifying pathogen so they can intiate appropriate responses

Question 16

treating infected indivviduals

Answer 16

medications such as antibiotics, antivirals and funcicides

Question 17

prevention includes

Answer 17

behaviourAL CONTROL, LOCKDOWNS AND VACCINATION

Question 18

behavioural controls include

Answer 18

washing hands with soap, using antiseptics, improving hygiene, wearing coondoms

Question 19

screening

Answer 19

routine testing for the presence of a disease in a population, or testing before entering a new environment

Question 20

modfying the environment

Answer 20

modifying the environment to make it less suitable for pathogens, including growth, reproduction and transmission

Question 21

what was the traditional treatments for cancer

Answer 21

surgery, chemotherapy and radiation