Emergence and Re-emergence

Question 1

what two things impact a population when there is a disease outbreak

Answer 1

how contagious and how virulent the pathogen is

Question 2

contagious

Answer 2

how easily it is transmitted between people

Question 3

virulent

Answer 3

how severe the disease the pathogen causes is

Question 4

zoonosis

Answer 4

when a disease jumps from another species of animals into a human, can occur in any context where there is contact with animals, is a result of antigenic shift

Question 5

example of diseases caused by zoonosis

Answer 5

ebola, HIV, covid-19, rabies

Question 6

emerging diseases

Answer 6

diseases that have not occured in humans before, have occured previously but spread to a new population or have occured before but only been recently recognised as being caused by a pathogen

Question 7

re-emergence

Answer 7

diseases that were once a major public health concern but then declined in incidence and are now becoming a public health concern again

Question 8

re-emergence occurs due to

Answer 8

human behaviour or mutations in the pathogen

Question 9

what are the factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of diseases

Answer 9

evolution of causative organism, globalusation and travel, increased exposure of humans to animals, increasing human population, changing technology, insufficient vaccination of the population

Question 10

how does the evolution of the causitive organism cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 10

can evolve to infect humans, or if previously infecting humans, evolve to evade treatments by acquiring resistance

Question 11

how does globalisation and travel cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 11

diseases that would have otherwise had remained localised to a specific area can quickly spread to multiple countries

Question 12

how does increased exposure of humans to animals cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 12

zoonosis, 70% of all emerging diseases originate from some type of animal resevoir

Question 13

how does increasing human population cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 13

increased densities in cities increase the liklihood of a disease spreading and causing large scale health problems

Question 14

how does changing technology cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 14

technology can be responsible for the emergence and re-emergence, e.g airconditioner

Question 15

how can insufficient vaccination of the population cause emergence or re-emergence

Answer 15

diseases can re-emerge is the percentage of the population who are vaccinated decreases, this is due to a loss of herd immunity, allowing the disease to be spread more easily

Question 16

pandemic

Answer 16

a type of epidemic that occurs on a world-wide scale

Question 17

epidemic

Answer 17

widespread occurence of an infectious disease in a community att a time

Question 18

antigenic drift

Answer 18

mutations in the viral genes that code for surface proteins that determine the subtype or antigen identity of the virus

Question 19

antigenic shift

Answer 19

the process of reassortment from 2 or more different virus subtypes present in one host that can result in the sudden appearance of new subtypes of the influenza a virus

Question 20

endemic diseases

Answer 20

diseases present at constant low levels ina population or region

Question 21

outbreak

Answer 21

sudden increase in the prevalence of a particular disease, on a local level