Active and Passive Immunity

Question 1

immunity

Answer 1

you have antibodies in your blood against a particular pathogen that stops you from getting sick when the pathogen enters your body

Question 2

do antibodies last forever

Answer 2

they degrade as they are proteins

Question 3

what are the four ways of gainingg immunity

Answer 3

active and passive immunity, artificial and natural immunity

Question 4

natural immunity

Answer 4

immunity acquired unintentionally by interaction with other biological entities

Question 5

artificial immunity

Answer 5

immunity acquired intentionally usually by the means of artificial technology

Question 6

active immunity

Answer 6

when a persons own immune system produces the specific antibodies to a particular antigen

Question 7

components of active immunity

Answer 7

memory cells are made so immunity is long lived, can be natural/artificial

Question 8

passive immunity

Answer 8

when antibodies are recieved from an extrenal source, antibodies are not being made by the individual who is recieving them

Question 9

componenets of passive immunity

Answer 9

no memory cells will be produced because the immune system has not been stimulated against the antigen, therrefore immunity is short lived, can be natural/artificial

Question 10

natural active immunity

Answer 10

individual naturally encounters a pathogen that enters the body and an immune response is triggered, is a priimary response, memory cells are produced and symptoms are usually present

Question 11

artificial active immunity

Answer 11

the individual is injected with a vaccine and the immuen response is triggered, is a primary response, memory cells are produced, symptoms usually arent present as the pathogen has been weakened/modified

Question 12

natural passive immunity

Answer 12

recieving antibodies across the placenta from mother to unborn baby or through breast milk from mother to baby

Question 13

natural passive immunity components

Answer 13

no memory cells produced so immunity maylast a couple of months

Question 14

artificial passive immunity

Answer 14

injecting antibodies that have been made from another organism, e.g anti-venom or tetanus injection

Question 15

inactivated vaccines

Answer 15

contain whole bacteria/viruses that have been altered/killed so they can’t reproduce

Question 16

live-attenuated vaccine

Answer 16

contain whole bacteria/viruses that have been weakened through genetic modification/other means

Question 17

what is the principle that all vaccines follow

Answer 17

presenting b lymphocytes with antigens that will stimulate them to undergo clonal expansion, most vaccines contain one or more antigens from the pathogen rather than the whole pathogen

Question 18

what are the two immune responses of active immunity

Answer 18

primary immune response and secondary immune response

Question 19

primary immune reponse

Answer 19

first exposure to the antigen, moderate amount of antibodies will be produced at a slow pace, less antibodies produced and they will diminish quickly

Question 20

secondary immune response

Answer 20

second exposure to the apthigen, the memory cells recognise the antigens resulting in a quicker and larger production of antibodies and memory cells

Question 21

why does the second exposure cause so manyy more antibodies to be produced and at a faster rate

Answer 21

as many b cells are undergoing clonal expansion and differentiation not just 1

Question 22

innoculate

Answer 22

deliberatley introduce forgein antigens into the body

Question 23

why do we ttake booster shots

Answer 23

memory b and t cells die after a long time, this leads to an individual becoming susceptable to disease again. when a booster vaccine is administered any remaining memory cells are stimulated, restoring immunity

Question 24

herd immunity

Answer 24

achieved when majority of people ina population/community are immune to a particular pathogen, helping prevent tthe spread of the pathogen to those who havent been vaccinated or already infected

Question 25

how does herd immunity prevent people who cannot be vaccinated from being infected

Answer 25

if a large proportion of individuals are vaccinated than the disease cannot easilyy reproduce and spread throughout the population, hence these people are lless likely to come into contact with an individual harbouring the pathogen