Immunopathology - Week 7 - Tutorial Questions

Question 1

What is meant by self-tolerance? How do we develop it?

Answer 1

We develop it during early life when immune cells that react to “self” are destroyed or turned offin the thymus or bone marrow.

Question 2

How can our genes contribute to autoimmune diseases?

Answer 2

Some genes (especially those for immune function) can make it easier for the immune system to mistakenly attack the body, leading to autoimmune diseases.

Question 3

What is the relationship between MHCs and HLAs?

Answer 3

MHCs (Major Histocompatibility Complex) are proteins that show antigens to immune cells.
In humans, they’re called HLAs (Human Leukocyte Antigens). So, HLAs are human versions of MHCs.

Question 4

When could someone be predisposed to autoimmune disease?

Answer 4

• If they have certain HLA genes
• If they have a family history of autoimmune conditions
• After certain infections or environmental exposures
• In some hormonal states (e.g. more common in women)

Question 5

What’s the link between infection and autoimmune diseases?

Answer 5

Some infections can confuse the immune system. It may attack body tissues that look similar to the infection – this is called molecular mimicry.

Question 6

What is alloimmunity?

Answer 6

Alloimmunity is when the immune system reacts to other people’s cells(not your own), like in organ transplants, blood transfusions, or pregnancy.

Question 7

Explain the basic pathological processes that are present in:
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. SLE

Answer 7

a. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
- It’s an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the lining of the joints.
- This causes inflammation, pain, swelling, and joint damage over time.

b. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):
- Another autoimmune disease, but it can affect many organs (skin, kidneys, joints, etc.).
- Forms immune complexes, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

Question 8

What gender is most commonly affected by RA and SLE? What age group do
they commonly commence?

Answer 8

Gender: Mostly females

RA: Often starts between 35–50 years old

SLE: Commonly starts between 20–30 years old

Question 9

When would you suspect that a patient may be suffering from:
a. Rheumatoid arthritis?
b. SLE?

Answer 9

a. RA:
- Persistent joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, especially in the hands and wrists
- Symptoms are usually worse in the morning

b. SLE:
- Butterfly rash on the face
- Joint pain, fatigue, skin issues, and organ involvement (like kidneys or heart)
- More common in young women