Immunopathology - Week 4 - Tutorial Questions Flashcards
Explain why inflammation can be considered both beneficial and detrimental to the body.
Inflammation is the immediate and early response to tissue injury. It functions to deliver leukocytes to the site of injury to eliminate pathogens and clear necrotic tissue. However, leukocytes may also prolong inflammation and induce tissue damage by releasing enzymes, chemical mediators and toxic free radicals.
Name the 5 major characteristics of acute inflammation.
Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Function laesa (loss of function)
Explain the fundamental differences between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd line of body defences.
1st line of defence:
- Physical barries and their associated secretions.
2nd line of defence:
- Inflammation, enzyme release to enhance inflammatory response.
- Toll like receptors
- NOD proteins – found inside the nucleus of the cell
- Fever
- Interferon and other cytokines – produced by inflammatory cells
- Phagocytosis
3RD line of defence:
Specific immune response:
- Cell mediated response
- Antibody response
Name the leukocyte that is most commonly found in increased numbers in:
a. bacterial infection
b. viral infection
c. parasitic or worm infection
a. bacterial infection – Neutrophils
b. viral infection – Lymphocytes
c. parasitic or worm infection – Eosinophils
Explain the difference between leucocytosis and leucopoenia.
Leucocytosis is the process of the white cell count in blood elevates in acute inflammation.
Leucopoenia is when the levels of white cell count in blood drops severely in severe infections.
Hyperaemia refers to an increase in …… to tissue.
Blood flow
The protein rich fluid (and often white blood cells) which moves from blood and into the tissues is called ……. . This is different to the watery fluid with minimal protein, which is called ……….. .
Exudate
Transudate
The term used to describe the widening of blood vessels is ……..
Vasodilation
The movement of fluid from blood into interstitial tissue is known as …….
Oedema.
Describe the advantages of the vascular stage of acute inflammation.
Vasodilation and Hyperaemia:
The widening of blood vessels (Vasodilation) allows more blood flow (Hyperaemia) and an increased blood hydrostatic pressure to neutralise pathogen.
Increased permeability:
Allowing fluid rich proteins, clotting factors and leucocytes move out from the capillaries.
Leukocytes moving toward the site of injury along a chemical gradient of various inflammatory mediators, is called?
Chemotaxis.
Leukocytes firmly attach to areas exposed on endothelial cells in response to nearby injury and inflammation, is called?
Adhesion.
Ingestion, engulfment and destruction by white blood cells of bacteria or other endogenous or exogenous substances, is called?
Phagocytosis
Leukocytes move out of the central column of cells within the blood vessel and move to the vessel periphery. , is called?
Margination
Leukocytes ‘tumble’ on the endothelial surface, transiently sticking on it, is called?
Rolling
Leukocytes moving between the endothelial cells and basement membrane lining blood vessels, and eventually arriving in the extravascular space, is called?
Emigration.
Which of the following contribute to the redness and warmth associated with acute inflammation?
a) Hyperaemia
b) Exudation
c) Increased vascular permeability
Hyperaemia
Which of the following contribute to the swelling which is associated with acute inflammation?
a. Hyperaemia
b. Exudation
c. Increased vascular permeability
Exudation
Name 5 important substances released by mast cells which have a role in mediating acute inflammation.
Histamine
Serotonin
Chemotactic factors
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes.
Name the 3 systems found within plasma which are important for the acute inflammatory response. Describe the function of each system.
The kinin system:
The kinin system releases bradykinin which functions in producing pain, increasing vascular permeability and contracting smooth muscle.
The complement system:
The complement system is a system of enzymes that results in the death of the antigen.
The clotting system:
The clotting system stops bleeding and localises microbes and provides a stroma for repair processes.
Leukotrienes have a role in mediating which of the following events relating to acute inflammation?
a. Pain
b. Vasodilation
c. Increasing vascular permeability
d. Fever
Increasing vascular permeability
