Immunopathology - Week 5 - Tutorial Questions Flashcards
Name 4 reasons why an acute inflammatory event may not resolve.
- Inability to resolve an episode of acute inflammation
- Interruption to the healing process
- Any factors that can delay healing (underlying diseases) - Persistent low-grade infection by some agents
- Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation.
- Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents such as non-degradable
- Autoimmune diseases
Name the 2 main types pattern that occur in chronic
inflammation and describe the fundamental features of both.
- Non-specific proliferative chronic inflammation
* Characterised by granulation tissue:
* there is infiltration by mononuclear cells
* fibroblasts which lay down fibrin and new blood
vessels. - Granulomatous inflammation
*distinct nodules= granulomas.
*a centre of macrophages, epithelioid cells and
giant cells
*Centre is surrounded by a band of lymphocytes,
fibroblasts and plasma cell
Chronic inflammation has been linked to a number of chronic
disorders.
a. What types of people are more prone to developing chronic.
inflammation?
b. Name some chronic disorders which have been linked to chronic
inflammation
a)
a. Increasing age
b. Obesity
c. Diet rich in saturated fat, trans-fats, or refined sugar or Cigarette smoking
d. Low levels of sex hormones
e. Stress
f. Sleep disorders
b)
rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, asthma, and
even Alzheimer’s.
Name possible complications of chronic inflammation.
o Significant scarring
o Ulcers
o Strictures and subsequent obstructions
o Fistulas
o Deformations
o Pain
o Impaired function of the structures affected eg joints
The group of disorders where a person develops an abnormal
immune response leading to damage to their own tissues is called
__________________________ diseases.
Autoimmune
Examples of infective agents which generally cause chronic
inflammatory changes without an acute phase are
________________.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Non-degradable exogenous material (e.g. ………….) can
induce a chronic inflammatory response in the lungs.
asbestos, coal.
Name the 4 main types of granuloma and give an example of a disorder
in which each may be found.
- Foreign body granuloma
- Immune granuloma
eg tuberculosis - Suppurating granuloma
eg cat scratch disease - Granuloma of unknown aetiology eg Crohn’s disease
Explain the fundamental difference between repair and regeneration.
Regeneration:
The replacement of damaged tissue with healthy tissue…..with complete return to normal structure and function.
Repair:
Repair is when damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
Explain the fundamental differences between healing by 1st
intention and Healing by 2nd intention.
Healing by 1st intention
- “Clean” incision
- limited scarring or wound contraction
Healing by 2nd intention
- Ulcers or lacerations
- often scarring and wound contraction
Name the 3 phases of wound healing. Summarise the essential steps
of each phase.
1.Inflammation
* Haemostasis—stop the bleeding
* Vascular changes: vasodilatationà the fluid and immune cells to the site of injury.
- Proliferative
- Formation of new blood vessels
- Produce collagen fiber to strengthen the wound. - Remodelling
- Tensile strength increases
- Scar matures
- Realigning and reorientation of the collagen along new lines of
stress.
Hypertrophied scar tissue which does not extend beyond the margins of the
wound, is called?
Hypertrophic Scar tissue.
Hypertrophied scar tissue which does extend beyond the margins of the
wound, is called?
Keloid
Formation of fibrous bands which join 2 surfaces not usually connected, is called?
Adhesion
Loss of the surface of a tissue.
Ulcer
Separation of the layers of a surgical wound, is called?
dehiscence
Infiltration of wound by microbes, is called?
Infection
