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Liz's Blood Bank Module 1 > Immunology of Blood Bank > Flashcards

Immunology of Blood Bank Flashcards

1
Q

Type of cells responsible for production of Abs

A

B-cells/plasma cells/memory cells

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2
Q

Classical complement cascade is activated by the binding of ____ IgM or ____ IgGs to an Ag

A

One; two

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3
Q

End result of complement activation in red cell Ag-Ab reactions

A

Cell lysis, which includes destruction of Ag

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4
Q

Need ____ for activation of the classical complement cascade so your blood must contain it

A

Ca2+

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5
Q

Interpretation of in vitro hemolysis

A

Indicates C’ cascade has been activated and assume Ag-Ab reaction has occurred

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6
Q

Primary stage of Ag-Ab reaction

A

Initial binding of Ag and Ab

- Sensitization stage

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7
Q

Secondary stage of Ag-Ab reaction

A 
Observable stage (e.g., agglutination, precipitation, C' fix)
- Visualization stage
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8
Q

Tertiary stage of Ag-Ab reaction

A

In vivo biologic expression of Ag-Ab reaction; aka immune response (primary and secondary)

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9
Q

Primary response

- Dose needed

A

Large dose of foreign Ag to cause response

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10
Q

Primary response

- Latency period

A

10 days to several months

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11
Q

Primary response

- Major Ig produced

A

Begins w/ IgM, then later IgG

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12
Q

Secondary response

- Dose needed

A

smaller dose (100x less than primary)

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13
Q

Secondary response

- Latency period

A

1-2 days

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14
Q

Secondary response

- Major Ig produced

A

IgG mainly, small amounts of IgM may be present

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15
Q

Ability of an Ag to stimulate an Ab response

A

Immunogenicity

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16
Q

IgG

- Clinically significant?

A

Yes

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17
Q

IgG

- Optimal temperature

A

Reacts best at 37C

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18
Q

IgG

- Able to cross placenta?

A

Yes

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19
Q

IgG

- Size of Ig

A

14nm

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20
Q

IgG

- Ability to cause direct agglutination

A

Only if red cells are brought closer together

- Due to small size, can’t span the distance b/w two cells

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21
Q

IgG

- Ability to bind complement

A

Most IgGs do NOT bind complement

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22
Q

IgM

- Clinically significant?

A

No

- EXCEPTION: ABO Abs

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23
Q

IgM

- Optimal temperature

A

Reacts best at either room temperature or colder

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24
Q

IgM

- Able to cross placenta?

A

No

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25
Q

IgM

- Size of Ig

A

Much larger than IgG

26
Q

IgM

- Ability to cause direct agglutination

A

Can cause direct agglutination in vitro

- Due to large size, can span the distance b/w two cells

27
Q

IgM

- Ability to bind complement

A

Binds complement efficiently

28
Q

How does complementary fit affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

Good fit = high attraction, low repulsion

Poor fit = high repulsion, low attraction

29
Q

How do interatomic attractive forces affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

Ab and Ag interact through chemical groups found on their surfaces; binding is exclusively noncovalent
- 2 molecules must be very close for this to occur

30
Q

How does the location of the epitope affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A
  • Ags located out far from membrane surface are ablet o bind efficiently to Ab
  • Ags located close to membrane surface are harder for Ab to fit around it for a “good” fit
31
Q

How does temperature affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

To see strongest reactions, you must test at Ig’s optimal temperature

32
Q

How do electrolytes affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

They effect the net charge of Ags and Abs, therefore the attraction of one another

33
Q

How does pH affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

Ag-Ab reactions prefer neutrla pH (6.0-7.25)

- Change in pH effects the net charge of Ags and Abs, therefore, the attraction of one another

34
Q

How does time/incubation affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

Some Abs can react at “immediate spin”; some Abs require incubation to allow Ag and Ab to bind

35
Q

How does the Ag:Ab ratio affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

Ags and Abs have optimal concentrations (equal concentration = zone of equivalence)
- Any deviation decreases efficiency of the reaction (prozone, postzone)

36
Q

How does agitation affect Ag-Ab reactions in vitro?

A

↑ the number of times Ag and Ab come into contact → ↑ binding

37
Q

3 main components that make up the red cell membrane (and percentages)

A
  • Proteins (52%)
  • Lipids (40%)
  • CHOs (8%)
38
Q

How does zeta potential affect Ag-Ab reactions?

A

Reducing zeta potential allows more positively charged Abs to get closer to negatively charged RBCs and therefore ↑ RBC agglutination by IgG molecules

39
Q

Purpose of using enhancement media in antiglobulin tests

A

Allows Ags and Abs to come closer together

40
Q

4 enhancement media used in blood bank testing

A
  • Albumin
  • LISS
  • PEG
  • Enzymes
41
Q

Colors of the tube tops acceptable to used in blood banking

A

Pink and Red

42
Q

Pink tube

- Plasma or serum?

A

Plasma

43
Q

Red tube

- Plasma or serum?

A

Serum

44
Q

Anticoagulant in pink tube

A

EDTA

45
Q

How does EDTA work?

A

Chelates Ca2+ preventing activation of classical complement pathway

46
Q

Anticoagulant in red tube

A

None, it’s a clot tube

47
Q

Presence or absence of complement in pink tube?

A

No complement activity in sample; complement-dependent Abs will NOT react

48
Q

Presence or absence of complement in red tube?

A

Complement present in “fresh” samples; used to detect complement-dependent Abs

49
Q

Explain how to correctly “read” a blood bank test

A
  1. Most test tubes need to be centrifuged before interpreting reactions
  2. Look for hemolysis first (considered a positive reaction)
  3. Gently shake tube to dislodge button
  4. Use mirror and light source to observe for agglutination
50
Q

Accentuated Ab response following secondary exposure to an Ag

A

Anamnestic response

51
Q

Results in development of immunologic memory that evokes an accentuated immune response w/ subsequent exposure to substance

A

Sensitization response

52
Q

Primary stage, aka ____

A

Sensitization stage

53
Q

Secondary stage, aka ____

A

Visualization stage

54
Q

Strength of singleAg-Ab bond

A

Affinity

55
Q

Combination of affinities

A

Avidity

56
Q

Affinity fo Ab and Ag aginst which it’s directed

A

Specificity

57
Q

Epitopes of one Ag are shared by another Ag and reacts w/ same Ab

A

Cross-reaction

58
Q

Ag and Ab are in optimal concentrations forming insoluble lattic sructure

A

Zone of equivalence

59
Q

Excess of unbound Ab

A

Prozone

60
Q

Excess of Ag binding sites

A

Postzone

Liz's Blood Bank Module 1 (10 decks)

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