immunology: malaria Flashcards
What is the immune response in malaria
Innate immune response
What recognise non-mammalian molecular patterns
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (hemozoin)
What does PAMP cause
Inflammatory response realising pyrogenic cytokines & endothelial cell adhesion markers
What is the three locations to find pattern recognition receptors
- Dissolved in blood
- Bound to cells
- Inside cells
Dendritic cells & CD4 T cells immunulogical synapse
Image
What is the immune response in malaria
Splenic macrophages/dendritic cells scavenge infected RBC & secrete cytokines
What factor in malaria inhibit dendritic cells
Haemozoin factors
What is the four functions of inflammation
- Increase permeability of vessels leading to leukocytes leak into tissue
- Pyrexia reducing growth of organism
- Pain
- Swelling
What is the down side of inflammation
Overwhelming stimulation of pattern receptors leading to cytokine storm, disseminated coagulopathy, systemic organ dysfunction & hypotension
What T helper cells is important in malaria immune response
CD4 T cells
Is malaria intra- or extracellular
Both
Intracellular in RBC & liver
Extracellular once RBC pop
What is the three functions of Th1 CD4+ T cells
- Antigen presentation leading to effective killing with effector T cells & cytotoxic T cells (perforin & granzyme)
- Activate CD8+ T cells
- Secrete interferon gamma for inflammation effect
What is the function of Th2 CD4+ T cells
Provide help to B cells for antibodies & secrete IL-4
What is the two functions of antibodies in malaria
- Opsonisation: promote clearance of infected RBC
- Neutralisation: against sporozoites & merozoites
What is the problem with vaccine development
Mosquitoes & malaria parasite are more resistant to pesticide & anti-malarial drugs
How is a good antibody & potent T cell response elicited
Continuous stimulation as amount of parasite injected by mosquito is small & not elicit strong immune response
What vaccine is currently used for malaria
RTS,S vaccine
What is the mechanism of transmission blocking vaccine
Blocking the transmission by stimulating antibody production & as mosquito feed it takes antibodies blocking parasite form proliferating in mosquito
What would transmission blocking vaccine cause
Herd immunity
