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clin med final > immunology II > Flashcards

immunology II Flashcards

1
Q

acquired immunity is broken down into two parts. name them

A
  • active: own antibodies are made
    • natural: exposure to infectious agents
    • artificial: immunization
  • passive: ready-made antibodies
    • natural: maternal antibodies
    • articial: antibodies from other sources
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2
Q

humoral immunity consists of what components

A
  1. B cells
  2. antibodies
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3
Q

cell-mediated immunity consists of what components

A
  • T-cells
  • APC
    • dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells
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4
Q

what are the 4 attribute of adaptive immune system

A
  1. antigen specificity
    • targets specific pathogens
  2. high diversity
    • pathogens recognized and targeted
  3. immunologic memory
  4. needs to be activated
    • activated by exposure to antigens
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5
Q

epitopes

A

distinctive markers of antigens

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6
Q

antigens

A

markers of non-self

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7
Q

cells of adaptive immune system are derived from what common cell

A

Lymphoid stem cell

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8
Q

Name the primary lymphatic organs and their function

A

where B cells and T cells mature and differentiate

  • Bone marrow (B cells)
  • Thymus (T cells)
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9
Q

name the secondary lymphatic organs

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
  • MALT: mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
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10
Q

function of secondary lymphatic organs

A
  • where mature antigen-specific B and T cells interact
    • interact with eachother and antigen presenting cells
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11
Q

Humoral immunity:

  • mediated by:
  • defense against:
A
  • mediated by: B cells
  • defense against: Extracellular pathogens
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12
Q

Cell mediated immunity

  • mediated by:
  • defense against:
A
  • mediated by: T cells
  • defense against: Intracellular pathogens
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13
Q

function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - known as HLA (human leukocyte antigen)

A
  • cell surface molecules
  • allow cells to recongize each other
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14
Q

which cells have MHC-I

A

virtually all cells

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15
Q

which cells have MHC-II

A
  • B-cells
  • dendritic cells
  • activated macrophages and thymic epithelial cells
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16
Q

MHC II molecules present antigen to what cells

A

T helper cells

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17
Q

T helper cells have what receptors?

A
  • T- cell receptor: responsible for recognizing antigens bound to MHC II
  • CD4 co-receptor
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18
Q

how do T-helper cells become activated

A
  • T-helper cells look for APC
  • binding of MHC II molecule with antigen activates T-helper cell
    • activated T helper cell activate other cells by releasing cytokines
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19
Q

where do humoral immunity take place

A

secondary lymphatic organs

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20
Q

how do B cells come to display antigens via MHC II

A
  1. B cell sees an antigen
  2. binds to and engulfs antigen
  3. processes antigen and displays fragment as MHC II
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21
Q

how do B cells differentiate into plasma and memory cells

A
  • B cells interact with activated T helper cells which co-stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma and memory cells
22
Q

structure of antibodies

A
  • 2 identical heavy H chains
  • 2 identical light L chains
  • tips of “Y” are variable: antigen binding site
23
Q

Primary response of humoral immunity

A
  1. B cells first encounter with antigen
  2. require T-helper cells to activate
  3. B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma and memory cells
24
Q

function of plasma cells (differentiated form of B cells)

A

make antibodies

25
Q

what antibody is produced first? second?

A
  1. IgM “Immediate”
  2. IgG follows
26
Q

In humoral immunity secondary response (subsequent encounter of same antigen), previously generated B memory cells activate rapidly. which antibody is most involved?

A

IgG

27
Q

direct action mechanisms of antibodies: binding of antibodies to antigens inactivtes antigens by what 5 mechanisms?

A
  1. neutralization: neutralizes toxins; blocks binding of viruses and coats bacteria
  2. agglutination of microbes
  3. precipitation of dissolved antigens
  4. opsonization: provides “handles” for phagocytosis
  5. activation of complement system
28
Q

which class of immunoglobins is primarly involved in secondary response

A

IgG

29
Q

which class of immunoglobins are the only IgG which cross the placenta

A

IgG

30
Q

half life of IgG

A

21 days

31
Q

which class of immunoglobins is the major antibody against carbohydrates on bacterial cell walls

A

IgM

32
Q

which class of immunoglobins is the predominant antibody formed by fetus and neonate

A

IgM

33
Q

which class of immunoglobins is able to diffuse from vasculature

A
  • IgG: small size
34
Q

structure and half life of IgM

A
  • pentamer
  • half-life: 5-10 days
35
Q

structure and half life of IgA

A
  • monomer or dimer with J chain
  • 6 days
36
Q

location of IgA

A

mucosal areas

  • gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract
37
Q

structure and half life of IgD

A
  • monomer
  • 3 days
38
Q

location of IgD

A

on mature B cell membranes; required for B cell activation

39
Q

structure and half life of IgE

A
  • monomer
  • 2 days
40
Q

function of IgE

A
  • binding of IgE on mast cell or basophil results in release of histamine
  • defense of parasites
41
Q

which Antibodies are responsible for type II hypersentivity reactions

A
  • antibodies bind to antigens on patient’s own cell surface or fetus cells
  • IgM and IgG
42
Q

which class of antibody is responsible for type I hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • allergy, gives, anaphylactic rxn
  • IgE
43
Q

what are the types of T cells

A
  1. T-helper cell
  2. T-memory cell
  3. T-regulatory (suppressor cells)
  4. cytotoxic T cell (T killer cell)
  5. Natural T killer cell
44
Q

function of T-regulatory (suppressor cells)

A

prevent immune reactions from getting out of hand

45
Q

T killer cells (cytotoxic T cells) are activated how

A

by T helper cells

46
Q

receptors on T killer cell

A
  • T cell receptor
  • CD8
47
Q

what role do T cells have in Diabetes Mellitus Type I

A
  • T cells target beta cells of pancreas
    • patient can no longer make insulin
48
Q

what role do T cells have in Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • T cells target myelin proteins
    • destruction myelin sheath
49
Q

function of HIV virus

A
  • destroys T helper cells
    • impairs both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
50
Q

end product of activation of complement

A

MAC: membrane attack complex

51
Q

how is complement activated

A

C1 binds to antigen-antibody and activates the cascade

clin med final (9 decks)

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