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clin med final > immunology I > Flashcards

immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

common CBC trend seen in acute bacterial infection

A
  • increased neutrophils
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2
Q

common CBC trend seen in acute parasitic infection

A
  • increased Eosinophils
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3
Q

common CBC trend seen in acute viral infection

A
  • increased lymphoctyes
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4
Q

immunogenicity

A

the capacity to induce an immune response by foreign, complex, high molecular weight compounds

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5
Q

Antigenicity

A

ability to bind to Ig or immune cells; an immune response need not result

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6
Q

the site on an antigenat which a specific antibody becomes attached

A

epitope

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7
Q

a partial antigen; a specific nonprotein substance which does not itself elicit antibody formation but does elicit the immune response when coupled with a carrier protein

A

hapten

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8
Q

an antibody that reacts with an antigen other than the one that induced its production

A

cross-reacting antibody

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9
Q

characterizes which immune system:

  • rapidly mobilized first line of defense
  • not dependent on prior exposure to foreign invader
  • non-specific
  • response does NOT increase with repeat exposure
A

innate (natural, native) immune system

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10
Q

describe the “respiratory burst” of innate immune system

A
  • membrane-bound NADPH system produces
    • superoxide radicals
    • hyperchlorous acid
    • H2O2
    • chloramines
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11
Q

list granulocyte cells that are part of innate immunity

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • mast cell
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12
Q

list components of innate immunity

A
  • macrophages
  • granulocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • complement
  • physical barriers
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13
Q

name “Barriers” component of innate immune system

A
  • skin
  • commensal bacteria: normal bacterial flora
    • compete with potential pathogens
  • mucous membranes
    • tears
    • saliva
    • mucus
    • gastric secretions
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14
Q

what does mucus contain that protects against gram positive bacteria

A

lysozyme

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15
Q

basophils and mast cells share a progenitor. where does each settle to mature

A
  • basophils mature in the bone marrow
  • mast cells mature in tissues
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16
Q

list the first step of inflammation after tissue/cell has been damaged

A
  1. damaged tissue and/or cell mediated histamine release
    1. vasodilation and leaky capillaries
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17
Q

which granulocyte is this:

  • least common
  • circulate in bloodstream
  • allergic and helminth responses
  • release histamine and heparin
A

basophils

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18
Q

basophils secrete what two compounds that result in reduction of clotting and increased blood flow

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
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19
Q

which granulocyte is this

  • present primarily in GI and respiratory tract
  • release oxygen radicals to kill microbes
  • active in allergic rxns and asthma
  • stimulate T-lymphocytes
A

eosinophils

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20
Q

eosinophils release what compound that causes airway smooth muscle contraction

A

leukotrienes

21
Q

which of the granylocytes is weakly phagocytic

A

eosinophils

22
Q

which of the granulocytes is particularly active against bacteria

A

neutrophils

23
Q

which of the granulocytes is known as “first responder”

A

neutrophils

24
Q

which granulocyte is this

  • most abundant of the granulocytes
  • circulate in bloodstream
  • first responder
  • release cytokines to amplify immune response
A

neutrophils

25
Q

which of the granulocytes is strongly phagocytic

A

neutrophils

26
Q

mast cells release what two compounds that result in vasodilation

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
27
Q

when will mast cells degranulate?

A
  • injured
  • exposed to complement proteins
  • activated
28
Q

which cells are primarily responsible for anaphylaxis

A

mast cells: massive release of histamine

  • body-wide vasodilation
29
Q

monocytes give rise to what two cell types

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
30
Q

monocytes develop in bone marrow and 50% migrate to which organ

A

spleen

31
Q

major function of dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells

  • antigens are captured by dendritic cells who then migrate to the nearest lymph node and present the antigen to T cells and B cells
32
Q

what are specialized dendritic cells in skin called

A

Langerhans cells

33
Q

primary function of macrophages

A
  • large phagocytes
  • act as antigen presenting cells
34
Q

macrophages have what 3 stages of readiness

A
  1. resting: cleaning up cellular debris
  2. primed: APCs, engulf bacteria
  3. hyper-activated: inflammatory cytokines cause macrophages to enlarge and start rapidly eating pathogens
35
Q

specialized macrophages within the liver

A

Kupffer cells

36
Q

chronic activation of Kupffer cells (toxins, ETOH) leads to what

A
  • overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chronic inflammation
    • liver cell damage
    • CA
37
Q

function of natrual killer cells

A
  • cytotoxic lymphocytes
  • **dont need to recognize a pathogen to kill it
  • operate on a “kill” or “don’t kill” system
    • can kill during resting phase but are better killers when activated
38
Q

killing activity of natrual killer cells is enhanced by what

A

cytokines secreted by macrophages

39
Q

how do natrual killer cells kill thier target

A
  • release perforins and proteases that cause cell membrane lysis or trigger apoptosis
    • ​can also cause apoptosis in thier target by surface contact
40
Q

complement function

A

proteins that work together to signal the other immune cells that the attack is ON!

41
Q

what activates complement

A

antigens

42
Q

where are complement proteins made

A

liver

43
Q

what is the most abundant complement protein in humans

A

C3

44
Q

opsonization

A

enhancing phagocytosis of antigens by “marking” them for destruction

45
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • attracting and activating macrophages and neutrophils
  • inducing mast cells and basophils to degranulate
46
Q

function of membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

rupture pathogen cell membrane by disrupting osmotic balance

  • C5b forms a complex with C6, C7, C8, and C9 -> MAC complex
47
Q

what are the two main complement pathways

A
  1. classical pathway - bound IgG, IgM
  2. alternative pathway - certain antigens
48
Q

the cells of the innate immune system are primarily derived from what cell

A

Myeloid progenitor cell

clin med final (9 decks)

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