Immunology Exam 3 part 2

Question 1

types of molecules that stimulate immune response

Answer 1

antigen
hapten
toxin
superantigen

Question 2

antibody isotypes involved in a secondary immune response

Answer 2

high affinity of…
IgG - neutralization/opsonization
IgA- neutralization/opsonization
IgE - activates mast cells/eosinophils

Question 3

list characteristics of lymphocytes involved in maintaining immunologic memory

Answer 3

respond quickly
present in large numbers
easier to activate
affinity maturation already occurred
B cells - Ab on surface
B cells - Ag:MHC II complexes on their surface
T cells - don’t require costimulation through CD28

Question 4

describe how pathogens evolve to evade immunologic memory

Answer 4

1. antigenic variation
2. latency
3. exploitation of immune cells
4. resistance to immune effector mechanisms
5. immunosuppression

Question 5

antibody functions

Answer 5

1. agglutination
2. toxin neutralization
3. block attachment
4. complement fixation
5. opsonization
6. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 6

role of IgA

Answer 6

mucosal immunity (respiratory/GI)

Question 7

role of IgG

Answer 7

systemic immunity

Question 8

role of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 8

cellular immunity
minimize spread of disease, prevent viremia

Question 9

how long do viral vaccines last? bacterial vaccines? toxin vaccines?

Answer 9

3 years
12 months
4-6 months

Question 10

why do virus vaccines last longer than bacterial?

Answer 10

less complex and have fewer epitopes

Question 11

what is a vaccine titer

Answer 11

concentration of serum antibodies produced

Question 12

describe the different types of the T helper responses for appropriate immune response

Answer 12

Th1 for cell-mediated responses
- activates macrophages
Th2 for humoral immunity

Question 13

what are the components of vaccines

Answer 13

antigen
adjuvant
pH buffers
colorants
stabilizers
cellular debris

Question 14

describe routes of immunization and which ones are better for specific immune response

Answer 14

intranasal/intradermal good for mucosal routes and quicker immunity (days)
intramuscular/subcutaneous good for systemic routes, slower (weeks)

Question 15

types of antigens

Answer 15

1. live organism = cause disease
2. modified live = replicates but does not cause disease
3. inactivated (killed) = great for humoral response, safer (e.g. rabies)
4. inactivated subunit - often have problems with efficacy, but could be good for cats and young animals

Question 16

why is FELV/FIV not used as modified live

Answer 16

because modified live is a retrograde virus and alters DNA

Question 17

why is Rabies not used as modified live

Answer 17

due to the potential of reversion

Question 18

why is coronavirus not used as a modified live

Answer 18

it can cause active distemper

Question 19

what are types of adjuvants

Answer 19

inorganic compounds
liquid base
bacterial products
cytokines

Question 20

how do you minimize vaccine failure

Answer 20

proper storage
proper administration
full dose
series of vaccines to overcome neutralization by maternal antibodies
do not freeze
once reconstituted use within an hour or throw away

Question 21

role of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 21

cellular immunity
minimize the spread of disease, prevent viremia

Question 22

what pathogens does IgE remove?
why?
what T helper cell is involved?
what cytokines?

Answer 22

parasites
too big to phagocytize and need physical repulsion
Th2 cell
IL 4,5,9,13,25,33

Question 23

how does Th2-mediated response help with the elimination of parasites

Answer 23

isotype switch to IgE
mast cell infiltration
increased epithelial cell turnover on mucosal surfaces

Question 24

how are mast cells involved with IgE

Answer 24

-mast cells bind IgE and when an antigen is encountered by IgE and IgE crosslinks, mast cell degranulates
- releases histamine & eicosanoids
- release of IL4
- release of TNF-alpha
- release of tryptases

Question 25

function of histamine & eicosanoids

Answer 25

muscle contraction
airway constriction
mucus production
vasodilation

Question 26

function of IL4

Answer 26

drives Th2 response

Question 27

function of TNF-alpha

Answer 27

adhesion molecules and leukocyte migration

Question 28

function of tryptases

Answer 28

breakdown of extracellular matrix

Question 29

how are eosinophils involved with IgE

Answer 29

-FceR bind IgE which cause eosinophil to degranulate and secrete major basic protein to kill parasites and activates mast cells
-attracted by IL5 and CCL11
-stimulated by inflammation/highly toxic pathogens and tissues

Question 30

how are basophils involved with IgE

Answer 30

• help drive Th2
• CD40L on basophil binds CD40 on B cells to stimulate IgE switch
• if FceR binds IgE, baso degranulates

Question 31

describe the hygiene hypothesis

Answer 31

high hygiene, low pathogen/adjuvant burden = unbalanced expression in absence of Treg cells; prone to immunopathology (autoimmune or allergy)

low hygiene, high pathogen/adjuvant burden = Treg cells, no immunopathology

Question 32

how can maternal contribution cause allergic reactions

Answer 32

if the baby is exposed to IgE without antigen from colostrum, could result in allergic reaction

Question 33

Th2 IL that affect atopy

what do they cause

Answer 33

IL4,5,9,10,13,31
result in IgE upregulation, eosinophil/mast cell development, airway hyper responsiveness, mucous production, and chronic inflammation

Question 34

what are some general treatments of allergies

Answer 34

epinephrine
steroids
B-adrenergic receptor agonists
desensitization

Question 35

what are some non-allergen-specific treatments for allergies

Answer 35

target Th2 transcription
redirection of Th2 response
target IL4 and or 5
target IgE
target IL31

Question 36

what are some allergen specific treatments of allergies

Answer 36

induction of anergy of Th2
allergen + Th1 cytokines
allergen + recombinant microorganism
plasmid DNA

Question 37

type I hypersensitivity
pathogenesis
triggers
cells involved
reactions initiated

Answer 37

anibody-mediated (IgE)

insect bites, food, drugs, inhaled or contact allergens

mast cells, eiosinophils, Th2, B cell

localized (dermal, GI, resp) or systemic (anaphylaxis)

Question 38

what are some examples of type I hypersensitivity in dermis, GI, and respiratory system?

Answer 38

dermis: atopy, hives, urticaria, angioedema
GI: gastroenteritis
respiratory: asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchitis

Question 39

type II hypersensitivity
pathogenesis
triggers
cells involved
reactions initiated

Answer 39

antibody mediated (IgG)

self-directed antibodies opsonize cells & target them for destruction

neutrophils and macrophages

complement activation (cell lysis and inflammation)

Question 40

what is an example of type II hypersensitivity

Answer 40

autoimmune diseases
-immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
- mysthenia gravis

Question 41

type III hypersensitivity
pathogenesis
triggers
cells involved
reactions initiated

Answer 41

antibody-antigen complex/immune complex mediated

complex deposits in tissues

neutrophils

proinflammatory response (neutrophils, complement, vasculitis)

Question 42

examples of type III hypersensitivity

Answer 42

arthritis
dermatitis
glomerulonephritis
polyarthritis
feline infectious peritonitis

Question 43

type IV hypersensitivity
pathogenesis
triggers
cells involved
reactions initiated

Answer 43

CD4+ and CD8+ T cell mediated (independent of antibodies)

chronic infection or allergen exposure or contact allergens

CD4+, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+), neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

inflammation (Th1, 2, 17) and direct cell lysis

Question 44

examples of Type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 44

delayed hypersensitivity
- contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy)
- tuberculosis from chronic CD4+ activation from circus

Question 45

symptoms of anaphylaxis

Answer 45

bronchospasm
pulmonary edema
bradycardia
hypotension
diarrhea
vomiting
urticaria
angioedema