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Immunology > Immunology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

IL-7 importance

A

IL-7 important for T and B cell maturation/differentiatin/development

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2
Q

what are 3 mechanisms for antibody diversity

A
  1. rearrangement
  2. junctional diversity
  3. somatic hypermutation (B cells only)
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3
Q

describe T cell positive selection
where does it occur

A

after beta 1st and alpha 2nd chain rearrangement, T cells undergo positive selection
- signal = T cell moves on
- no signal = alpha chain rearrangement occurs
after alpha chain rearrangement, positive selection occurs again
- signal = T cell moves on
- no signal = cell dies

thymic cortex

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4
Q

describe T cell negative selection
where does it occur

A

after positive selection, T cells travel to the medulla for negative selection
strength of TCR & MHC/antigen
- just right = T cells leave the thymus
- too strong = death
- too weak CD8 death and CD4 transitions into T regulatory cell, iNKT or MAIT

thymic medulla

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5
Q

what is MHC critical for

A

T cell activation

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6
Q

what is B7 and CD28 critical for

what does CTLA4 do

A

T cell survival (2nd signal)

binds to B7 with higher affinity than CD28 shut down T cell

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7
Q

what are IL6, IL12, IL23, IL4 critical for

A

T cell differentiation

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8
Q

what is IL2 critical for

A

clonal expansion into helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
clonal expansion/proliferation for B cells

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9
Q

what are the proinflammatory cytokines for T helper cell I

A

IL1, IL6, TNF alpha (released by injured cells)
*IFN gamma (activated macrophages)
IL8 (neutrophil recruitment)
CD40
Fas (apoptosis)
IL-3 (extracellular bacteria)
IL2 (proliferation)

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10
Q

what are the antiparasitic/allergy cytokines for T helper cell 2

A

*IL4 (isotype switch to IgG or IgE)
*IL5 (eosinophil recruitment)
IL13 (allergies)

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11
Q

what are the regulatory/antiinflammatory cytokines for T regulatory cells

A

*TGF beta (regulates T cell homeostasis & inhibits TCR autoreactivity)
*IL10 (suppress NK cells & APC from proinflammatory cytokine release)
IL-35

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12
Q

what cytokines are important for T cell/B cell maturation/proliferation

A

IL2 (proliferation of T cells) secreted by T cells (autocrine/paracrine)
IL7 (maturation of T and B cells) secreted by stromal cells in the thymus

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13
Q

what are the proinflammatory cytokines for T17 helper cells

A

IL17 A & F
IL-22
CD40
IL3
TNF alpha

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14
Q

cytokines for Tfh cell

A

IL-21

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15
Q

what is CCL21

A

chemokine by lymph node to attract dendritic cells

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16
Q

what is CCL19

A

chemokine by dendritic cells to attract T cell to lymph node

17
Q

what effector molecules and proinflammatory cytokines are part of cytotoxic T cells

A

perforin, granzymes, Fas ligand
IFN gamma
TNF beta
TNF alpha

18
Q

what forms the conjugate pair of B cells and T cells

A

B cells CD40 + T cells CD40L
B cells ICAM1 + T cells LFA-1

19
Q

what cytokines are released from T cells onto B cells

A

IL2,4,5

20
Q

describe B cell somatic hypermutation

A

B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation to try and increase the affinity for the antigen
mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
variable regions are altered
affinity tested on follicular dendritic cells
mutations with increased affinity selected for isotype switch
mutation with decreased affinity = apoptosis

21
Q

describe B cell isotype switch

A

the constant region is changed
mediated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
required CD40/CD40L for expression of B7 for release of cytokines
IgM –> IgG, IgA, or IgE

22
Q

how and why are removal of antibody complexes important

A

RBC have CR2 which bind C3b which is bound to antibodies
Macrophages remove RBC bound to antibodies + C3b in spleen/liver
Amyloidosis will occur if not removed = organ dysfunction

23
Q

IgM

A

pentamer (bulky)
high avidity, low affinity
complement activation = opsonization/phagocytosis, inflammation and MAC
first antibody to be produced

24
Q

IgA

A

monomer (B cells) = opsonization/phagocytosis
dimer (mucosal surfaces) = neutralization
maternal antibodies via colostrum
high affinity
FcaR1 on phagocytic cells
predominant on mucosal surfaces

25
Q

IgG

A

monomer
predominant in adults
high affinity
neutralization of pathogens and toxins, opsonization/phagocytosis, activates NK cell (ADCC)
maternal antibody via placenta and colostrum
found in blood and tissues
extracellular bacteria
FcyR3 on NK cells (will kill cells with loss of MHC I)
FcyR1 on mono, macros, DC, neuts & eos

26
Q

IgE

A

monomer
detect anigens on parasites & assoicated with allergies
binds FceR1 on mast cells, eosinophils, basophils & crosslinks with them
degranulation of mast cells releasing histamine and serotonin

27
Q

type of inflammation
neutrophils only
extracellular bacteria

A

neutrophilic/purulent/suppurative
acute

28
Q

type of inflammation
neutrophils and macrophages
fungi

A

pyogranulomatous
chronic

29
Q

type of inflammation
eosinophils, few plasma cells, few macrophages with vaculoes
parasites/allergies

A

eosinophilic
chronic

30
Q

type of inflammation
lymphocytes with plasma cells and neutrophil
vaccine, virus, intracellular pathogen

A

lymphocytic/plasmocytic
chronic

31
Q

type of inflammation
lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, plasma cells

A

mixed inflammation
chronic

32
Q

B cell coreceptors for B cell activation with dendritic cell

A

CR2 (CD21), CD19, CD81

33
Q

what cytokines are needed for isotype switch

A

TGF-beta for IgA
IL-4 for IgE and memory B cells
IFN-gamma for IgG

34
Q

IgY

A

many non-mammalian species in place of IgG and IgE

35
Q

which genes encode for each antibody isotype

A

mu IgM
delta for IgD
gamma for IgG
alpha for IgA
epsilon for IgE

Immunology (8 decks)

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