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Block 6 Week 1 > Immunology: Antigens, T/B Cell Antigen Receptors, Clonal Expansion & T Cell and Their Functions - Dr. Hudig > Flashcards

Immunology: Antigens, T/B Cell Antigen Receptors, Clonal Expansion & T Cell and Their Functions - Dr. Hudig Flashcards

1
Q

T or F, measles are preventable with adaptive immunity?

A

true

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2
Q

What is this:
occurs in 1/1000 infected children.
10% mortality w/ encephalitis
preventable with adaptive immunity

A

acute measles encephalitis

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3
Q

T or F, the vaccine for measles contains live attenuated virus

A

T

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4
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A

bacteria
yeast and fungi
viruses
parasites

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5
Q

Is bacteria intracellular or extracellular?

A

can be both

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6
Q

Is yeast intracellular or extracellular?

A

extracellular

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7
Q

Are viruses intracellular or extracellular?

A

intracellular

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8
Q

Are parasites intracellular or extracellular?

A

can be both

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9
Q

T or F, adaptive immune mechanims differ for different pathogens

A

T

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10
Q

Which is worse, an extracellular pathogen or intracellular pathogen?

A

intracellular because its harder to kill

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11
Q

How do you kill an intracellular bacteria?

A

With TH1 which will emit interferon gamma that signals to macrophages to kill the cell

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12
Q

How do you kill extracellular bacteria?

A

neutrophils bind to antibodies n bacteria and kill it or use kuppfer cells (macrophages) in the liver

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13
Q

What are some common intracellular bacteria?

A

listeria, salmonella and shigella

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14
Q

(blank) is a ‘type II’ interferon secreted by T helper cells when they are activated after recognizing foreign antigens.

A

Interferon-gamma

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15
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculae cause (blank) . M. tuberculae live and replicate (blank) the macrophages that ingest them.

A

tuberculosis

inside

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16
Q

What are the antibodies that bind to yeast?

A

opsonins

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17
Q

How do you kill yeast and fungi?

A

antibody opsonizes the yeast/fungi and then are killed by neutrophils

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18
Q

How do you kill a virus?

A

CD8 cytotoxic T cells, infected cell dues and immature virions inactivate

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19
Q

Can antibodies help w/ killing viruses?

A

it depends on the virus, some antibodies can prevent viral entry into a persons cells

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20
Q

Where do you find plasmodium?

A

inside RBCs in a stage of malaria

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21
Q

How does your body react to Ascaris?

A

IgE and mast cellresponse so eosinophils will help out

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22
Q

What causes river blindness?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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23
Q

What 2 cell types control viruses in innate immunity compared to adaptive immunity?

A

innate-> NK cells

adaptive-> Cytotoxic T (killer CD8 positive) lymphocytes

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24
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

specific, inducible, takes a long time (~ 5 days), involves T and B lymphocytes w/ specific receptor, Utilizes T and B receptors that are not directly genome encoded, generates memory, lasts the lifetime of the immune person, eliminates infections faster than innate immunity.

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25
Q

T or F, adaptive immunity eliminates infections faster than innate immunity?

A

T

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26
Q

What is a Tcell?

A

Require differentiation in the

thymus. Effectors of cell-mediated immunity.

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27
Q

What is a B cell?

A

differentiate in bone marrow. Secrete antibody proteins after encounter with their related antigen

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28
Q

What is an antigen?

A

foreign structures recognized by T cells, by B cells and by antibodies

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29
Q

What is an epitope?

A

the structures within antigens that bind to B and T cell receptors for antigens

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30
Q

What is impetigo?

A

a skin infection caused by staph and strept which colonizes skin damaged by a previous lesion.

31
Q

who does impetigo usually attack and why is it worrisome?

A

children in warm, humid, dirty environments, it is very contagious

32
Q

(blank) is a foreign substance that is specifically recognized by the immune system

A

antigen

33
Q

T cell antigens are almost always (blank)

A

peptides from foreign proteins

34
Q

HOw do antibodies recognize antigens?

A

specific protein, carbs or lipid sequences.

35
Q

HOw do antibodies recognize strep pyogenes?

A

via its M proteins

36
Q

How do T cells recognize antigens?

A

foreign peptides in MHC II for CD4 T helpers and foreign peptides in MHC I for CD8 T killers

37
Q

What is a T cell antigen?

A

peptides from foreign proteins bind to MHC proteins and are recognzied by the T cell receptors

38
Q

What is a B cell antigen?

A

any foreign substance that can bind to the immunoglobulin B cell receptor for antigen and to antibodies

39
Q

T cell receptors have what property that allows them to bind to a foreign peptide at the same time as it binds to MHC?

A

dual recognition

40
Q

TCRs always have how many chains?

A

2 chains

41
Q

TCR have two chains, what can these chains be made up of?

A

either alpha and beta
or
gamme and delta

42
Q

What kind of CD number to cytotoxic T lymphocytes have?

A

CD8

43
Q

What kind of CD number do T helpers and other T cells have?

A

CD4

44
Q

In circulation T cells are either (blank) positive, (blank) positive or neither

A

4

8

45
Q

What does T helper cells and other T cells that arent CTLs have as co-receptor that will bind MHC II?

A

CD4

46
Q

What do CTLs have that act as a co receptor to bind MHC I?

A

CD8

47
Q

What do you find on ALL T cells? Why is this important to know?

A

CD3

cuz if something has CD3 on it, you automatically know it is a T cell AND it is a signalling molecule

48
Q

What molecules found on the T cells are used to initiate signaling to the cell that an antigen has bound?

A

CD8, CD4, CD3

49
Q

Can a T cell receptor recognize an antigen that is not hooked up to a MHC?

A

no it cannot

50
Q

(blank) lymphocytes must recognize antigens and divide before they can provide the help required for T and B cell responses.

A

T cells

51
Q

How long does it take for a T cell to divide?

A

6 hours

52
Q

Explain how a pathogen comes in and then you end up with T cell proliferation

A

Pathogen comes in and gets presented by the antigen presenting cell. This APC then binds to its corresponding T cell recepetor. Clonal proliferation occurs. After 5 days there are enough clones with the ability to secrete cytokins and IL2 that the adaptive immunity can kick in.

53
Q

What is IL-2?

A

it is a growth factor for all lymphocytes

54
Q

How do B cells respond to an antigen?

A

B cells have an IgM single chain receptor that will bind an antigen if a T helper cell is present. The b cell then starts dividing and the clones differentiate and become plasma cells which secrete antibodies. They then move to the bone marrow and sit and secrete. A few cells will become memory cells and run around the body looking out for future attacks.

55
Q

Why kinds of cytokines will b cells produce?

A

IL-2 , then once matured also IL 4

56
Q

What kind of receptors do B cells have>

A

Immunoglobulin monomer (IgM)

57
Q

How many chains do you need to hold an antigen?

A

2!!! in T and B cells

58
Q

Describe the structure of the receptor of a B cell (IgM)

A

2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains held together by disulfide bonds that form a hinge. There are three complementarity determing regions (CDRs) that hold the antigen to the receptor.

59
Q

Constant regions of (blank) chains determine Ig Class and subclass

A

H

60
Q

Light chains of human Ig’s are either (blank) or (blank)

A

kappa or lambda

61
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

Ther is a antigen binding region and a crystallized fraction. The crystalized fraction binds to the cellular receptors of leukocytes.

62
Q

Why are Fab and F(ab’)2 antibodies often used for diagnostic purposes?

A

Because it lacks an Fc region which means it wont bind to cellular receptors .

63
Q

How do neutrophils recognize and antigen and eat it up?

A

via the Fc region of an antibody

64
Q

How do you break the antigen binding region from the Fc region of the antibody and create 2 monomers?
How do you create 1 dimer?

A

via Papain protease

via pepsin protease

65
Q

Antigens (Ag’s) for B cells can be (blank) or (blank) determinans of foreign proteins or even (blank) created by proteolysis of self proteins.

A

conformational
linear
neoantigens

66
Q

(blank) may promoto autoimmunity if self proteins are cleaved

A

neoantigens.

67
Q

Can conformational determinant have their determinant lost by denaturation?

A

yes

68
Q

Can linear determinants have their determinant lost by denaturation?

A

no

69
Q

How do you get a neoantigenic determinant?

A

you take a self protein and splice into something that looks foreign and then your body things its a bad thing

70
Q

Specific immune responses take (blank), then last

A

time

71
Q

How come you have a lag in immune response when you get a shot and why are boosters awesome?

A

T helpers have to divide a lot before stimulating B cells. B cells have to divide a lot before making antibodies.
Boosters are awesome because it allows your immune system to make more antibodies to it.

72
Q

how come when you get a vaccine you dont maintain your levels of IgM?

A

because IgM is an initial exposure immunoglobulin from B cells which eventually will diminish TO ZERO and instead IgG will be made and be left over to provide immunity.

73
Q

Diverse T and B cells, each with a different and specific (blank)

A

receptor

74
Q

(blank) lymphocytes make cytokines, kill or produce antibodies
(blank) lymphocytes persist

A

Effector

Memory

Block 6 Week 1 (13 decks)

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