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Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody is….

A

immunoglobulins

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2
Q

immunoglobulins are…

A

are produced to specifically destroy foreign invaders

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3
Q

another name for immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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4
Q

Antigen-

A

•foreign invaders; substances perceived foreign to the body

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5
Q

Immunology-

A

a rapidly expanding laboratory science of antibody/antigen testing

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6
Q

Self-antigens-

A

(autoantigens) substances within the body capable of inducing the production of antibodies that attack an individual’s own tissues

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7
Q

Autoimmune diseases-

A

•antibody or self-antigen reactions may cause a variety of destructive tissue diseases

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8
Q

Harmful invaders-

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer

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9
Q

1st line of external defenses do what?

A

•Stop invaders from entering or growing in the body

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10
Q

what are 2 barriers in regards to 1st line of defense?

A

skin, mucous membranes, coughing/sneezing

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11
Q

normal flora

A

Nonpathogenic microorganisms that normally inhibit the skin and mucous membranes

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12
Q

2nd line of internal, nonspecific defenses do what?

A
  • White blood cells gather at the site of invasion

* Neutrophils engulf and ingest the invaders by phagocytosis

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13
Q

what are 2 examples of 2nd line of internal defenses?

A

phagocytosis +macrophages

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14
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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15
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

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16
Q

Natural killer cells-

A

a special type of lymphocyte, are sent to attack and destroy the body’s infected cells and cancer cells in a nonspecific way

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17
Q

Interferons-

A

•proteins secreted by infected cells to prevent the further replication and spread of the infection into neighboring cells

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18
Q

signs of inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling, and pain

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19
Q

when does inflammation begin?

A

begins when histamine is released by the injured cells, causing the dilation of blood vessels

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20
Q

the increased blood flow to the affected areas in inflammation results in what?

A

redness and heat

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21
Q

2nd line of defense is generally seen within how long?

A

is generally seen within the first 12 hours of infection

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22
Q

the 3rd line of defense takes how long…

A

6-10 days

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23
Q

3rd line of defense works how?

A

•T cells and B cells work together to produce the specific antibodies that will destroy the invader or render it harmless

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24
Q

what are T & B cells capable of?

A

developing immunologic memory so that a second encounter with the same organism will induce a heightened immune reaction

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25
Cell-mediated immunity-
T lymphocytic cell response to antigens
26
T cells
small lymphocytes associated with thymus gland
27
Humoral (antibody) immunity
B lymphocytic cell response to antigens resulting in the production of specific antibodies to destroy foreign invaders; aka antibody mediated immunity
28
B cells
antigen activated B lymphocytes that produce antibodies upon the first encounter and then remember the antigen for future encounters
29
IgE antibody
is involved in acute allergic reactions & parasitic infections
30
IgM antibody
is the primary responder in the first encounter with an invading antigen
31
IgG antibody
responds to the antigens in future invasions
32
IgA antibody
protects mucous membranes from bacterial and viral infections
33
IgD antibody
·is involved in lymphocyte activation and suppression
34
active immunity
is long-term protection against future infections because the antibody is remembered in the memory B cells, making the individual immune to future encounters with the pathogen
35
natural active immunity
naturally during infection
36
artificial active immunity
artificially by vaccination
37
passive immunity
short term protection against infections and is only temporary
38
natural passive immunity ex
naturally through the placenta or colostrum to an infant
39
artificial passive immunity ex
injection of antiserum or gamma globulins
40
in vivo testing
immunology tests take place within a host or living organism
41
in vivo test ex
Tuberculosis screening tests and allergy skin tests
42
in vitro testing
immunology tests take place in a laboratory, outside of the living body
43
in vitro test ex
Test antigen-antibody reaction using only serum
44
Chromatographic assay-
•a visual color change that appears when enzyme-linked antibody-antigen reaction takes place during a test procedure
45
HCG stands for
•Human chorionic gonadotropin
46
what is HCG?
the hormone used to detect pregnancy (found in blood and urine)
47
HCG is produced by what?
placenta in pregnant women
48
when is HCG measurable?
1-5 days after conception
49
when do HCG levels peak?
between the 50th-80th days of pregnancy
50
when do HCG levels decline?
decline after 80 days and disappear a few days after the birth
51
EBV stands for
Epstein-Barr virus
52
EBV is the causative agent of what?
mononucleosis
53
hematologic findings w/ EBV
increase in reactive lymphocytes
54
immunologic testing findings w/ EBV
an increase in heterophile antibodies
55
Helicobacter pylori
are spiral-shaped bacteria believed to be the cause of the majority of peptic ulcers (90% of duodenal and 80% of gastric ulcers)
56
how does h pylori work?
The organism weakens the mucous lining of the stomach and duodenum •Stomach acid penetrates the sensitive lining beneath the mucous layer, and the acid and bacteria then cause an ulcer
57
HDN stands for...
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
58
HDN can also be called...
Erythrobastosis fetalis
59
HDN is what?
a hemolytic anemia in newborns resulting from maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility
60
signs of HDN in newborns
severe anemia, jaundice, and enlargement of the liver and spleen
61
what can HDN lead to?
can lead to cardiac failure, respiratory distress, and death
62
how can HDN be prevented?
injection of RhoGAM during and after the pregnancy of an Rh-mother
63
what does RhoGAM prevent?
prevents the mother from becoming sensitized to the Rh antigen
64
agglutination
clumping
65
antigens + antibodies in A blood type
- A antigens | - anti B antibodies
66
antigens + antibodies in B blood type
- B antigens | - anti A antibodies
67
antigens + antibodies in AB blood type
- A and B antigens | - no antibodies
68
antigens + antibodies in O blood type
- no antigens | - anti A & B antibodies
69
what is the universal donor?
type O (no antigens on RBCs)
70
universal recipient
type AB (no antibodies in the recipient’s plasma)
71
Rh (D antigen)-
An Rh– person has no naturally occurring anti-D antibodies •The Rh (D antigen) blood type is also a concern in transfusions •The Rh or D antigen is also found on the surface of RBCs
72
Immunosorbent-
•pertains to the attachment of an antigen or antibody to a solid surface such as latex beads, wells in plastic dishes, or plastic cartridges
73
Titer-
•a quantitative test that measures the amount of antibody that reacts with a specific antigen

Lab Procedures 2 (6 decks)

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