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Lab Procedures 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody is….

A

immunoglobulins

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2
Q

immunoglobulins are…

A

are produced to specifically destroy foreign invaders

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3
Q

another name for immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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4
Q

Antigen-

A

•foreign invaders; substances perceived foreign to the body

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5
Q

Immunology-

A

a rapidly expanding laboratory science of antibody/antigen testing

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6
Q

Self-antigens-

A

(autoantigens) substances within the body capable of inducing the production of antibodies that attack an individual’s own tissues

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7
Q

Autoimmune diseases-

A

•antibody or self-antigen reactions may cause a variety of destructive tissue diseases

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8
Q

Harmful invaders-

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer

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9
Q

1st line of external defenses do what?

A

•Stop invaders from entering or growing in the body

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10
Q

what are 2 barriers in regards to 1st line of defense?

A

skin, mucous membranes, coughing/sneezing

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11
Q

normal flora

A

Nonpathogenic microorganisms that normally inhibit the skin and mucous membranes

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12
Q

2nd line of internal, nonspecific defenses do what?

A
  • White blood cells gather at the site of invasion

* Neutrophils engulf and ingest the invaders by phagocytosis

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13
Q

what are 2 examples of 2nd line of internal defenses?

A

phagocytosis +macrophages

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14
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

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15
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

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16
Q

Natural killer cells-

A

a special type of lymphocyte, are sent to attack and destroy the body’s infected cells and cancer cells in a nonspecific way

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17
Q

Interferons-

A

•proteins secreted by infected cells to prevent the further replication and spread of the infection into neighboring cells

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18
Q

signs of inflammation

A

heat, redness, swelling, and pain

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19
Q

when does inflammation begin?

A

begins when histamine is released by the injured cells, causing the dilation of blood vessels

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20
Q

the increased blood flow to the affected areas in inflammation results in what?

A

redness and heat

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21
Q

2nd line of defense is generally seen within how long?

A

is generally seen within the first 12 hours of infection

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22
Q

the 3rd line of defense takes how long…

A

6-10 days

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23
Q

3rd line of defense works how?

A

•T cells and B cells work together to produce the specific antibodies that will destroy the invader or render it harmless

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24
Q

what are T & B cells capable of?

A

developing immunologic memory so that a second encounter with the same organism will induce a heightened immune reaction

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25
Q

Cell-mediated immunity-

A

T lymphocytic cell response to antigens

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26
Q

T cells

A

small lymphocytes associated with thymus gland

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27
Q

Humoral (antibody) immunity

A

B lymphocytic cell response to antigens resulting in the production of specific antibodies to destroy foreign invaders; aka antibody mediated immunity

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28
Q

B cells

A

antigen activated B lymphocytes that produce antibodies upon the first encounter and then remember the antigen for future encounters

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29
Q

IgE antibody

A

is involved in acute allergic reactions & parasitic infections

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30
Q

IgM antibody

A

is the primary responder in the first encounter with an invading antigen

31
Q

IgG antibody

A

responds to the antigens in future invasions

32
Q

IgA antibody

A

protects mucous membranes from bacterial and viral infections

33
Q

IgD antibody

A

·is involved in lymphocyte activation and suppression

34
Q

active immunity

A

is long-term protection against future infections because the antibody is remembered in the memory B cells, making the individual immune to future encounters with the pathogen

35
Q

natural active immunity

A

naturally during infection

36
Q

artificial active immunity

A

artificially by vaccination

37
Q

passive immunity

A

short term protection against infections and is only temporary

38
Q

natural passive immunity ex

A

naturally through the placenta or colostrum to an infant

39
Q

artificial passive immunity ex

A

injection of antiserum or gamma globulins

40
Q

in vivo testing

A

immunology tests take place within a host or living organism

41
Q

in vivo test ex

A

Tuberculosis screening tests and allergy skin tests

42
Q

in vitro testing

A

immunology tests take place in a laboratory, outside of the living body

43
Q

in vitro test ex

A

Test antigen-antibody reaction using only serum

44
Q

Chromatographic assay-

A

•a visual color change that appears when enzyme-linked antibody-antigen reaction takes place during a test procedure

45
Q

HCG stands for

A

•Human chorionic gonadotropin

46
Q

what is HCG?

A

the hormone used to detect pregnancy (found in blood and urine)

47
Q

HCG is produced by what?

A

placenta in pregnant women

48
Q

when is HCG measurable?

A

1-5 days after conception

49
Q

when do HCG levels peak?

A

between the 50th-80th days of pregnancy

50
Q

when do HCG levels decline?

A

decline after 80 days and disappear a few days after the birth

51
Q

EBV stands for

A

Epstein-Barr virus

52
Q

EBV is the causative agent of what?

A

mononucleosis

53
Q

hematologic findings w/ EBV

A

increase in reactive lymphocytes

54
Q

immunologic testing findings w/ EBV

A

an increase in heterophile antibodies

55
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

are spiral-shaped bacteria believed to be the cause of the majority of peptic ulcers (90% of duodenal and 80% of gastric ulcers)

56
Q

how does h pylori work?

A

The organism weakens the mucous lining of the stomach and duodenum
•Stomach acid penetrates the sensitive lining beneath the mucous layer, and the acid and bacteria then cause an ulcer

57
Q

HDN stands for…

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

58
Q

HDN can also be called…

A

Erythrobastosis fetalis

59
Q

HDN is what?

A

a hemolytic anemia in newborns resulting from maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility

60
Q

signs of HDN in newborns

A

severe anemia, jaundice, and enlargement of the liver and spleen

61
Q

what can HDN lead to?

A

can lead to cardiac failure, respiratory distress, and death

62
Q

how can HDN be prevented?

A

injection of RhoGAM during and after the pregnancy of an Rh-mother

63
Q

what does RhoGAM prevent?

A

prevents the mother from becoming sensitized to the Rh antigen

64
Q

agglutination

A

clumping

65
Q

antigens + antibodies in A blood type

A
  • A antigens

- anti B antibodies

66
Q

antigens + antibodies in B blood type

A
  • B antigens

- anti A antibodies

67
Q

antigens + antibodies in AB blood type

A
  • A and B antigens

- no antibodies

68
Q

antigens + antibodies in O blood type

A
  • no antigens

- anti A & B antibodies

69
Q

what is the universal donor?

A

type O (no antigens on RBCs)

70
Q

universal recipient

A

type AB (no antibodies in the recipient’s plasma)

71
Q

Rh (D antigen)-

A

An Rh– person has no naturally occurring anti-D antibodies
•The Rh (D antigen) blood type is also a concern in transfusions
•The Rh or D antigen is also found on the surface of RBCs

72
Q

Immunosorbent-

A

•pertains to the attachment of an antigen or antibody to a solid surface such as latex beads, wells in plastic dishes, or plastic cartridges

73
Q

Titer-

A

•a quantitative test that measures the amount of antibody that reacts with a specific antigen

Lab Procedures 2 (6 decks)

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