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Lab Procedures 2 > Hem exam 2 > Flashcards

Hem exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does prothrombin time measure?

A

the amount of time the blood takes to form a fibrin clot

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2
Q

how does the prothrombin test work?

A

uses thromboplastin as the active reagent to initiate the coagulation process by converting prothrombin to thrombin

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3
Q

prothrombin is used as a Screening test for patients with what…?

A

 Who lack clotting factors
 Have a liver disease
 Are deficient in vitamin K

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4
Q

prorthrombin test is also used to monitor patients who are on _________?

A

warfarin/Coumadin or anticoagulant drug therapy

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5
Q

why do people take warfarin/Coumadin or anticoagulant drug therapy ?

A

they have a tendency to produce internal clots, which could lead to stroke or heart attack

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6
Q

what tendency do patients on warfarin/Coumadin or anticoagulant drug therapy have?

A

 These patients tend to bleed easily and longer

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7
Q

how do these anticoagulant medications work?

A

 suppress the liver from synthesizing prothrombin

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8
Q

how are results for prothrombin time displayed?

A

PT seconds and INR value

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9
Q

vitamin k definition

A

critical element in the production of prothrombin

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10
Q

what does ESR stand for?

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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11
Q

ESR def…

A

the rate at which RBCs settle out of an anticoagulated blood specimen after 30 minutes

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12
Q

how is the ESR result reported?

A

millimeters per hour (mm/hr)

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13
Q

what type of test is ESR?

A

nonspecific screening test

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14
Q

what does ESR test screen for?

A

confirm and monitor changes in….

 Inflammatory diseases
 Autoimmune diseases
 Carcinoma
 Certain forms of leukemia

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15
Q

Polycythemia

A

slow-growing blood cancer in which your bone marrow makes too many red blood cells.

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16
Q

how many types of anemia are there?

A

6 types

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17
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

 RBCs collapse into a sickle shape under certain circumstances

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18
Q

what is sickle cell anemia caused from?

A

 Condition is caused by an inherited Hgb-S molecule

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19
Q

Aplastic def..

A

 All blood cell elements show a decrease in aplastic anemia

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20
Q

what does aplastic result from?

A

 Results from an inability to produce cells in the bone marrow

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21
Q

pernicious anemia..

A

Pernicious-

 Cells appear enlarged, fragile, and abnormally shaped

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22
Q

pernicious anemia is caused from..?

A

 The diet is deficient in Vitamin B12

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23
Q

Thalassemia and hemolytic-

A

 Produce an increase in reticulocytes in the peripheral blood

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24
Q

cause of Thalassemia and hemolytic-

A

 Due to RBC destruction (hemolysis) caused by the inherited thalassemia or other hemolytic diseases

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25
Q

Iron deficiency-

A

 hypochromic and microcytic RBC’s result from the inability to build healthy Hgb

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26
Q

iron deficiency is caused from….

A

 Caused by blood loss or inadequate iron in the diet

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27
Q

what is the most common type of anemia?

A

iron deficiency

28
Q

Leukocytosis-

A

 Total WBC count may rise due to the body fighting an infection

29
Q

Leukocytopenia-

A

 Abnormally low WBC count

30
Q

leukocytopenia may be a sign of

A

aplastic anemia, HIV/AIDs, and patients undergoing chemotherapy

31
Q

what can also cause a decrease in WBCs?

A

 Malnutrition, which is weakening the immune system

32
Q

Mononucleosis-

A
  • exhibits atypical “reactive” lymphocytes (A and B)
33
Q

Leukopenia-

A

 Abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs

34
Q

Leukemia-

A

 Various cancers of the WBCs

35
Q

what indicates leukemia?

A

Extremely high abnormal WBC count with a decrease in the RBC and platelet counts may indicate leukemia

36
Q

ALL stands for….

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

37
Q

what happens during ALL?

A

increase in immature lymphoblasts; appear in peripheral blood

38
Q

CML stands for…

A

chronic myeloid leukemia….

39
Q

what happens during CML?

A

increase in bone marrow myelocytes; appear in peripheral blood in great numbers as a detriment to RBCs and platelets

40
Q

Microhematocrit lab procedure-

A

 Collect blood into two capillary tubes that contain heparin
 Counterbalance & centrifuge the capillary tubes for 5 minutes
 The results of the two capillary tubes should fall within 2% of each other

41
Q

Layers of a spun hematocrit tube-

A

plasma, buffy coat (WBCs and platelets), red blood cells, sealant

42
Q

normal appearance and volume of the plasma

A

appears light yellow and occupies about one half of the total volume

43
Q

RBCs occupy how much of the blood?

A

50%

44
Q

how many CBC tests are done?

A

7 or more

45
Q

CBC consists of tests that reflect…

A

 The total count
 Analysis
 And microscopic descriptions of the various cellular elements – RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

46
Q

RBCs total count are measured in what?

A

millions per cubic millimeter (million/mm3)

47
Q

Hematocrit measures what?

A

the percentage of packed RBCs compared with the total blood volume (%)

48
Q

Hgb - Hemoglobin test

A

 Hgb within the RBCs is measured

49
Q

how are hemoglobin test results expressed?

A

grams per deciliter (g/dL)

50
Q

MCHC diagnoses….

A

mean (average) cell hemoglobin concentration -

51
Q

ratio of MCHC

A

the ratio of hemoglobin to hematocrit (Hgb/Hct)

52
Q

differential count

A

 The differential count of the 5 WBCs/leukocytes is reported with the percent of each type compared to the reference values

53
Q

MCH

A

indicates the concentration of Hgb compared with the average size of the RBCs

54
Q

what is the MCH ration?

A

(Hgb/RBC)

55
Q

MCV stands for….

A

mean cell volume -

56
Q

MCV def….

A

is the ratio of hematocrit volume with the total RBC count

57
Q

MCV ratio

A

(Hct/RBC)

58
Q

WBCs (total count) are reported in….

A

thousands per cubic millimeter (mm3)

59
Q

WBC reference range for BOTH genders is….

A

reference range for men and women is 4000-11,000

60
Q

how are platelets counted?

A

by approximation on the stained slide or by an automated instrument

61
Q

how are platelets reported?

A

expressed in hundreds of thousands per cubic millimeter (/mm3)

62
Q

platelet reference range for men and women

A

150,000-400,000

63
Q

normal hemoglobin reference range

A
  • 12-18 g/dL
64
Q

normal protime/INR reference range

A

 9-18 seconds PT and 2 to 2.5 INR

65
Q

normal ESR reference range

A

0-20 mm/hr

66
Q

normal hematocrit reference range

A

36%-55%

Lab Procedures 2 (6 decks)

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