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Lab Procedures 2 > Chemistry Exam > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Clotting protein associated substances…

A

prothrombin and fibrinogen

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2
Q

nutrients associated substances…

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids

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3
Q

hormones associated substances…

A

thyroid and pituitary glands

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4
Q

proteins associated substances…

A

albumins and globulins

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5
Q

waste associated substances

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine

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6
Q

salt associated substances

A

electrolytes

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7
Q

gamma globulin associated substances

A

antibodies

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8
Q

enzyme associated substances

A

catalysts

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9
Q

The three globulins associated substances

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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10
Q

what is serum obtained from?

A

obtained from a clotted blood specimen

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11
Q

what tube is serum collected in?

A

SST

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12
Q

how long do SST tubes need to sit to form a dense clot?

A

30 minutes

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13
Q

how long are serum tubes centrifuged??

A

centrifuged for 10 to 15 minutes

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14
Q

describe plasma

A

pale yellow, sticky fluid

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15
Q

how much of the total blood volume does plasma occupy?

A

Occupies slightly more than 50% of the total blood volume

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16
Q

what is the goal for the body?

A

to maintain homestasis

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17
Q

Which specimen is most often used in chemistry testing? & what color top tubes?

A

SERUM SPECIMEN

red + gold top tubes

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18
Q

glucose definition

A

a simple six-carbon sugar that all cells and tissues require for life-giving energy

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19
Q

what happens to glucose after digestion?

A

Glucose enters the blood after the digestion

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20
Q

what do body cells use glucose for?

A

all absorb blood glucose for energy

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21
Q

Homeostatic range for blood glucose levels

A

70 to 100 mg/dL

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22
Q

glycogen definition

A

excess glucose that is stored for future needs

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23
Q

what 2 things are produced in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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24
Q

Insulin and Glucagon prevent what 2 things?

A

hyperglycemia & hypoglycemia

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25
insulin definition
is secreted from beta cells to lower the glucose levels and prevent hyperglycemia
26
hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
27
what is hyperglycemia associated with?
diabetes mellitus
28
what is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar
29
Occult
hidden or not visible to the naked eye
30
Desirable cholesterol levels
less than 140 mg/dL for adults is desirable and considered normal
31
HDL
- “good” or healthy cholesterol because they remove plaque from arteries
32
LDL
- “bad” or lousy cholesterol because when high, they form fatty plaque on the walls of the arteries
33
Exogenous cholesterol-
 comes from what we eat  Foods high in saturated fats (fatty meats, eggs, and dairy) and trans fats (synthetic hydrogenated fats in margarines and oils)  Both fats raise cholesterol levels, causing atherosclerosis or CAD
34
Glucagon definition
antagonist of insulin that is secreted from alpha cells to raise blood glucose levels and prevent hypoglycemia
35
Endogenous cholesterol-
-the liver can produce all the cholesterol the body needs
36
TC/HDL ratio-
 Total cholesterol (TC) compared with the HDL level in the form of a ratio  This ratio provides an important index for determining the cardiac risk a patient faces because of atherosclerosis
37
TC/HDL ration above 4.5 indicates...
indicates that the patient is not producing enough HDL or producing too much LDL
38
what condition is being monitored with uric acid?
gout
39
what condition is being monitored with cholesterol?
coronary artery disease & artherosclerosis
40
what condition is being monitored with BUN?
nephritis or kidney function
41
what condition is being monitored with glucose?
diabetes
42
what condition is being monitored with Bilirubin?
hepatitis or liver function
43
what panel goes with the tests: Troponins I & T, CK, LD, ALT, myoglobin
Cardiac Panel
44
what panel goes with the tests: Bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, LD, GGT
Liver, hepatic panel
45
what panel goes with the tests: BUN, creatinine, uric acid
kidney, renal panel
46
what panel goes with the tests: TC, HDL, LDL, triglycerides
Lipid panel
47
what panel goes with the tests: TSH, T4, T3 uptake
thyroid panel
48
what panel goes with: twelve or more tests
metabolic panel
49
what panel goes with the tests:sodium, potassium, chloride
electrolyte panel
50
iFOBT is used for....
the diagnosis of fecal occult blood, with a high degree of sensitivity
51
what is the timing for iFOBT?
 In less than five minutes, elevated levels of human hemoglobin can be detected and positive results for high levels of hemoglobin can be seen in the test as early as one or two minutes
52
FOBT test...
 is a simple, inexpensive test to detect blood that may be hidden or not visible to the naked eye (occult) on or in a stool specimen
53
the FOBT test is useful in diagnosing what?
diagnosing a number of GI disorders
54
after a positive FOBT test, follow ups may include what?
proctosigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema x-ray studies, or endcoscopy
55
what does CAD stand for?
coronary artery disease
56
CAD may lead to what...?
may lead to myocardial infarcts (heart attacks)
57
there is a a direct link between _________ and coronary artery disease
blood lipid levels
58
triglycerides are a direct result of ____________
diets rich in carbohydrates
59
triglycerides Accounts for _______ of the fat stored in adipose tissue
95%
60
High levels of triglycerides are associated with _________
atherosclerotic risk
61
what is a difference between serum and plasma?
there are NO clotting factors in serum but there are in plasma
62
Random glucose: - when collected? - Why is it done?
- Collected at any time | - Done to see if the blood glucose level is within the normal range of less than 140 mg/dL
63
what glucose level is considered prediabetic?
140 to 200 mg/dL
64
glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL is indicative of what?
diabetes
65
how does Hgb A1c work?
 When hemoglobin A in the RBCs is exposed to high levels of glucose, the hemoglobin molecule is permanently glycosylated and changes into hemoglobin A1c
66
Normal Hgb A1c reference range for an adult without diabetes is ___________
below 5.7%
67
what does the Hgb test provide?
provides an accurate long-term index of the patient’s average blood glucose level
68
FBG stands for....
fasting blood glucose
69
when is a fasting blood glucose taken?
Blood sample is taken in the morning after a 10 to 14 hours fast
70
what should a patient’s FBG should be?
less than 100 mg/dL
71
what does GTT stand for?
glucose tolerance test
72
what does GTT measure?
measuring a patient’s glucose metabolism
73
how is a GTT done?
Blood glucose levels are measured at fasting and then at 1-hour intervals for 2 to 6 hours
74
GTT begins with what?
Begins with fasting blood specimen
75
how does OGTT or 2-hr post prandial test work?
 Starts with a measurement of the FBG level  If the results are in acceptable range, the patient then drinks a glucose-rich drink (Glucola) and is retested after 2 hours  Normal blood glucose levels should be lowered to less than 140 mg/dL 2 hours after glucose-rich drink
76
what is important to know before a triglyceride test?
 Patients should be fasting before testing and refrain from alcohol 2 days before testing
77
how can triglyceride levels be lowered?
 Levels can be lowered by exercising and decreasing dietary intake of sweets and alcohol
78
if there are elevated triglycerides what is produced?
 If elevated, they produce a milky-white appearance in plasma, a condition called hyperlipidemia

Lab Procedures 2 (6 decks)

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