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Pathological Mechanisms > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the role of lysozyme in the innate immune system.

A

Breaks down gram positive cell wall

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2
Q

Describe the role of lactoferrin in the innate immune system.

A

Chelates iron which is normally required for bacterial growth

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3
Q

The innate immune system is comprised of soluble factors and cellular factors. Give examples of soluble factors

A

antibacterial factors e.g. lysozyme and lactoferrin

complement system

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4
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement system?

A

classical pathway: antigen:antibody complex
MB-lectin pathway - sugars bind to pathogen surface
Alternative pathway - pathogen surfaces

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5
Q

On which protein to the three pathways of the complement system converge?

A

C3

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6
Q

What are the functions of the complement system?

A

recruitment of inflammatory cells
opsonisation of pathogens
killing of pathogens

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7
Q

From which cell are macrophages derived?

A

Monocytes

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8
Q

Macrophages perform tissue specific functions. T/F?

A

True

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9
Q

Type 1 macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines. Give an example of an inflammatory cytokine.

A

TNF-alpha

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10
Q

Type 2 macrophages produce regulatory cytokines. Give an example of a regulatory cytokine.

A

IL-10

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11
Q

Which type of WBC is most predominant?

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

Which type of WBC makes up the majority of pus?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

Define degranulation.

A

The extracellular release of toxic granules

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14
Q

Which type of WBC classically respond to parasites?

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

Which types of WBC are particularly involved in the pathology of allergy?

A

Eosinophils and basophils (mast cells)

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16
Q

Which type of WBC guards mucosal sites?

A

Basophils

17
Q

To which type of T cell, do dendritic cells present to in lymph nodes to initiate an adaptive immune response?

A

CD4+ T cells

18
Q

Activation of T cells by dendritic cells requires two signals. T/F?

A

True - the MHC complex binding indicating the presence of a foreign substance and the binding of an activating co-signal

19
Q

Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity?

A

B cell

20
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody.

A

2 light and 2 heavy chains
Y shaped
Fab variable antibody region
FC constant region bound to receptors on phagocytes and activates complement

21
Q

What are the three functions of antibodies?

A

opsonise phagocytosis
activate complement
neutralise toxins and pathogen binding sites

22
Q

Which type of antibody is predominantly secreted in the primary immune response?

A

IgM

23
Q

Which type of antibody is predominantly secreted in the secondary immune response?

A

IgG

24
Q

What is the term which describes the switch from mainly IgM to mainly IgG antibody during the switch form primary to secondary immune response?

A

Isotype switching

25
Q

Which type of antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

26
Q

Which type of antibody is present in secretions and lines epithelial surfaces?

A

IgA

27
Q

Which type of antibody has a high affinity for mast cells and therefore plays an important role in allergy?

A

IgE

28
Q

The peak immune response is larger in the primary immune response compared to the secondary response. T/F?

A

False - the opposite is true

29
Q

Lymphocytes which strongly bind to self-antigens undergo apoptosis. Where does this occur for B and T cells respectively?

A

B cells - bone marrow

T cells - thymus

30
Q

Where are B and T cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

31
Q

What are the primary immune organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

32
Q

What are the secondary immune organs?

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue of the bronchial and GI tract

33
Q

Which type of MHC molecule is present on all nucleated cells, binds to CD8+ T cells and presents intracellular antigens?

A

MHC 1

34
Q

Which type of MHC molecule is present on APCs, binds to CD4+ T cells and presents extracellular antigens?

A

MHC 2

35
Q

Which interleukin is released by regulatory T cells to dampen down the immune response?

A

IL-10

36
Q

Which organ of the immune system is particularly important in responding to encapsulated organisms?

A

The spleen

37
Q

If a person is infected again with the same pathogen, a secondary immune response occurs. What is the function of preformed specific IgA in this case?

A

Prevents pathogen binding

38
Q

If a person is infected again with the same pathogen, a secondary immune response occurs. What is the function of preformed specific IgG in this case?

A

Rapidly opsonises pathogen for phagocytosis

39
Q

If a person is infected again with the same pathogen, a secondary immune response occurs. In this case how is the frequency and activation threshold of memory lymphocytes different to in the primary response?

A

Higher frequency of memory cells

lower threshold for their activation

Pathological Mechanisms (10 decks)

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