Cell Injury, Degeneration and Death

Question 1

Oxidative stress is normally found in small amounts as a by-product of respiration. T/F?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How is oxidative stress formed pathologically?

Answer 2

Absorption of radiation, toxic chemicals and hypoxia

Question 3

What are the results of damage to the mitochondria?

Answer 3

Aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis

Question 4

What are are the results of damage to the cell membrane?

Answer 4

Disrupted ion concentrations, especially increased calcium ions

Question 5

What are the results of damage to the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Disrupted enzymes
Structural protein synthesis
architecture

Question 6

What are the results of damage to nucleus?

Answer 6

Disrupts DNA maintenance

DNA damage

Question 7

The nature of the changes within a cell are the same whether it is reversible or irreversible damage. T/F?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

How does cloudy swelling occur in damaged cells?

Answer 8

Osmotic disturbance due to loss of Na/KATPase leading to sodium influx and build up of intracellular metabolites

Question 9

How do cytoplasmic blebs occur in damaged cells?

Answer 9

Due to disrupted microvilli, swollen mitochondria

Question 10

Necrosis is uncontrolled and due to external stimuli. T/F?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Necrosis is always pathological. T/F?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Apoptosis is always physiological. T/F?

Answer 12

False

Question 13

In what cases can apoptosis be pathological?

Answer 13

Viral infection
DNA damage
Hypoxia/ischaemia

Question 14

Describe the histological changes which occur as a result of necrosis.

Answer 14

Cell swelling vacuolation and disruption of membranes of the cell and its organelles.
Release of cell contents (lysis) including enzymes, causing adjacent damage and acute inflammation
DNA disruption and hydrolysis

Question 15

What are the four different types of necrosis?

Answer 15

Coagulative
Colliquative
Caseous
Fat

Question 16

Describe colliquative necrosis

Answer 16

Tissue becomes liquid and its structure is lost

Question 17

Descrive caseous necrosis

Answer 17

Combination of coagulative and colliquative necrosis, appearing cheese like

Question 18

Give an example of a disease in which caseous necrosis occurs.

Answer 18

Tuberculosis

Question 19

What type fo necrosis is typical in granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 19

Caseous necrosis

Question 20

Describe coagulative necrosis.

Answer 20

Firm, tissue outline retained. Can be haemorrhage or gangrenous

Question 21

Apoptosis requires energy. T/F?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Give examples of processes in which apoptosis plays a physiological role.

Answer 22

Embryogenesis
Hormone dependent involution (uterus, breast, ovary)
Cell deletion in proliferating cell populations to maintain a constant number of cells
Deletion of inflammatory cells after an inflammatory response
Deletion of self-relative lymphocytes

Question 23

Apoptosis causes inflammation. T/F?

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Describe the histological changes which occur in apoptosis.

Answer 24

Cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation and packaging up of the nucleus
the membranes of the cell and mitochondria remain in tact but cytoplasmic blebs form and break off to form apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed by macrophages

Question 25

What are depositions?

Answer 25

Abnormal accumulations of substances which may be intracellular, extracellular or in connective tissues

Question 26

Amyloid resembles fibrosis on histology. What is the main distinguishable factor between these processes?

Answer 26

Amyloid occurs without prior inflammation

Question 27

Amyloid depositions have a specific structure which can be stained by which dye?

Answer 27

Congo red

Question 28

What things might depositions be made up of?

Answer 28

Products of metabolism Pigments foreign material industrial materials

Question 29

Amyloid accumulation is always localised. T/F?

Answer 29

False - it can be systemic

Question 30

Why does amyloid deposition occur?

Answer 30

Excessive production of accumulation of a normal protein Production or accumulation of an abnormal protein Tendency of a protein to misfiled

Question 31

What is AL amyloid?

Answer 31

Immunoglobulin light chain produced by B cell neoplasms

Question 32

What is AA amyloid?

Answer 32

Serum amyloid associated protein (a normal acute phase protein) produced in the liver and produced in prolonged chronic inflammation

Question 33

Give examples of some of the possible clinical effects of amyloid depositions

Answer 33

Dementia Renal impairment Heart failure

Question 34

Brown lipofuscin in the liver is an endogenous breakdown product and is a result of wear and tear / age. T/F?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the name of iron deposits in the liver?

Answer 35

Haemosiderosis

Question 36

Haemosiderosis is iron deposits in the liver. What condition commonly causes this?

Answer 36

Haemochromatosis

Question 37

A deposition of what substance may occur after a haemorrhage or if there is congestion of blood vessels?

Answer 37

Haemosiderin

Question 38

What is the appearance of carbon in the lungs?

Answer 38

Black lines on lung serial surfaces and lymphatics

Question 39

What is dystrophic calcium deposition?

Answer 39

Deposition in abnormal tissue with normal serum calcium

Question 40

What is metastatic calcium deposition?

Answer 40

Deposition in normal tissue with raised serum calcium

Question 41

Why might serum calcium be raised?

Answer 41

Increased levels of PTH due to PTH gland tumour or kidney disease Systemic effect of cancer