Immunology

Question 1

what is involved in the normal antigen processing in the colon?

Answer 1

epithelial layer
mucous layer
innate immune responses
antigen presenting cells
tolerence vs action of adaptive immune response
soluble mediators of immunity - cytokines and chemokines

Question 2

what type of cells are involved in the innate immune system?

Answer 2

macrophages
monocytes
neutrophils
dendritic cells

Question 3

what cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

Answer 3

b cells

t cells

Question 4

what is main function of cytokines?

Answer 4

determines the differentiation of T cells into either Th1, Th2 or Treg etc

Question 5

what are chemokines and cytokines termed as?

Answer 5

soluble mediators of immune response

Question 6

name a cytokine/chemokine which is anti inflammatory and one which is pro inflammatory.

Answer 6

interleukin 10 = anti inflammatory

TNF = pro-flammatory

Question 7

what are payers patches?

Answer 7

specialised areas of lymphoid aggregation in the gut

Question 8

what cell secretes cytokines?

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

different dendritic cell subsets are distinguished by what?

Answer 9

cell markers

Question 10

what are the 3 signals which determine the T cell response?

Answer 10

MHC/peptide-TCR
CD80-CD28
Cytokines

Question 11

what are the T helper cells?

Answer 11

Th1, Th2 and Th17

Question 12

what are the T regulatory cells?

Answer 12

Th3, Tr1 and Treg

Question 13

in IBD, how does pathogenic bacteria enter the gut?

Answer 13

in IBD, the mucosal layer loses mucous therefore the bacteria is able to adhere close to the cell surface
the junctions between the cells also become leaky

Question 14

what is involved in the production of the mucous barrier/ mucous tolerence?

Answer 14

IgA and B cells

Question 15

what is the importance of colonic microbiota?

Answer 15

body temp regulation. reproduction and tissue growth all energy depend process which may rely on gut microbial energy
drug metabolism
event pathogenic bacteria from colonising

Question 16

what influences the diversity and function of the gut microbiota?

Answer 16

extrinsic factors - antibiotic use, diet, stress, disease

mammalian host genome

Question 17

what type of drugs are used to treat moderate/severe IBD?

Answer 17

anti-TNF drugs

Question 18

what treatment is used in IBD infection?

Answer 18

faecal microbial transport FMT

Question 19

where in the gut does coeliac disease occur?

Answer 19

small bowel

Question 20

what is the ‘barcode’ which allows immune cells to identify self and non-self antigens?

Answer 20

HLA - human leukocyte antigen

Question 21

how does coeliac disease cause infection?

Answer 21

epithelial cells make cytokines in response to gluten

it is then delivered to the T cells which respond by producing inflammation

Question 22

what changes in the mucosa occur in coeliac disease?

Answer 22

loss of villi - loss of absorptive capacity

increase in intra-epithelial lymphocytes