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Dermatology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the chemical signals/ molecules in the skin that influence cell behaviour or help target pathogen

A

cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids, antimicrobial peptides

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2
Q

what is an antigen

A

any chemical structure (usually a protein/peptide) that can illicit an immune response via an antibody or t cell

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3
Q

what is hypersensitivity

A

overreaction to an antigen

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4
Q

what is autoimmunity

A

reaction to host tissue- chronic inflammation

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5
Q

what forms the keratin layer

A

terminal differential of keratinocytes to corneocytes

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6
Q

name three important structural proteins in the keratin layer and epidermis

A

filaggrin

involucrin

keratin

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7
Q

what is the stratum corneum

A

a.k.a keratin layer

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8
Q

what are the 3 main roles of keratinocytes in the epidermis

A

sense pathogens via cell surface receptors and help mediate an immune repsonse

produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that directly kill pathogens

produce cytokines and chemokines

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9
Q

what can activate keratinocytes

A

UV and sensitisers (e.g. allergic contac dermatitis)

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10
Q

what are langerhans cells and where are they in the skin

A

a dendritic cell (the main skin immune cell) that is interspersed with keratinocytes in the epidermis

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11
Q

name the antigen presenting cell in the cell that has birbeck granules

A

antigen presenting cells

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12
Q

what is the role of langerhans

A

process lipid Ag and microbial fragments and present them to effector T cells- helping to activate them

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13
Q

where in the skin are CD8+T cells mostly found

A

in the epidermis

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14
Q

where in the skin are CD4+T and CD8+T found

A

dermis

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15
Q

what inflammation condition is associated with the CD4+TH cell TH1

A

psoriasis

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16
Q

what inflammation condition is associated with the CD4+TH cell TH2

A

atopic dermatitis

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17
Q

what inflammation condition is associated with the CD4+TH cell TH17

A

psoriasis and atopic dermatitis

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18
Q

where are t cells produced and matured (sensitised)

A

bone marrow

thymus

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19
Q

what are t cells the basis of

A

cell mediated immunity

20
Q

what is the role of CD4+T cells and the roles of the different types

A

helper t cells- release chemical mediators or signalling molecules such as interleukins and interferons

TH1 activate macrophages to destroy microorganisms (IL2 and IFNy)

TH2 help B cells to make Ab (IL4, IL5, IL6)

21
Q

what is the role of CD8+T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells- can kill infected cells, viruses and cancer cells directly

22
Q

what connects triggers the immune response when it can not be made

A

connection between cells to recognise each other involving MHC

23
Q

what are the different types of dendritic cells found in the dermis and their role

A

dermal DC- Ag presetation and secretion of cyto/chemokines

plasmacytoid DC- produce IFNa, found in diseased skin

24
Q

what is the role of dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells

transmit information to T and B cells

secrete cyto/chemokines during the inflammatory immune response

25
Q

why would neutrophils be in the skin

A

as circulating leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) are attracted to tissue by chemokines

26
Q

what is the role of mast cells in the skin

A

effectors of IgE mediated immune response (allergy), when activated release inflammatory mediators

27
Q

what are the preformed inflammation mediators released by mast cells

A

TNF, tryptase, chymase, histamine

28
Q

what else can activate mast cells

A

physical trauma, drugs, micro-organisms

29
Q

what chromosome encodes MHC

A

chromosome 6

30
Q

what is the role of MCH1 and where is it found

A

on almost all cells

present Ag to cytotoxic T cells

present endogenous Ag

31
Q

what is the role of MHC2 and where is it foun

A

found on antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages)

present to TH cells

present exogenous AG

(1= present to cytotoxic 2= present to TH cells)

32
Q

are NK cells in the dermis

A

yes

33
Q

what causes psoriasis

A

environmental factors (bacterial pharyngitis, mild trauma of skin, HIV, stress, B blockers, ingestion of lithium) in genetically susceptible individuals

34
Q

who is most likely to get atopic eczema

A

children

35
Q

what is the cause of atopic eczema

A

genetic and environmental factors= impairment of barrier function

  • mutatino in fillagrin gene
  • decreased AMP in skin

immune cells actracted to stressed KC, like in psoriasis

defective barrier allows access/sensitisation to allergen- promotes colonisation

36
Q

name 3 autoimmune skin conditions

A

psoriasis, vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus

37
Q

what causes skin problems with lupus

A

faulty apoptosis causes DNA and antigens to accumulate resulting in antibodies against own DNA

38
Q

what are causes of secondary immunodeficiency

A

AIDs, malignancy, aging, diabetes, renal malfunction, burns, alcoholic cirrhosis, malnutrition, obesity

39
Q

what mediates type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE

40
Q

describe the process of allergies

A

early exposure to allergen causes production of IgE which binds to FCER1 on mast cells. later exposure causes rapid crosslinking of receptors, signal transduction and degranulation of the mast cells

41
Q

what mediates type 2 and 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG and IgM

42
Q

what mediates type 4 hypersensitivity

A

TH1 cells

43
Q

what hypersensitivity reaction is important in autoimmunity and transplantation

A

type 2

44
Q

what is an arthus reaction

A

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction (slower than type 1 but faster than type 4)

45
Q

which hypersensitivity reaction is delayed, give examples

A

type 4; contact allergy

Dermatology (23 decks)

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