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Blood Bank - JD > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define antigen

A

a foreign substance that induces an immune response

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2
Q

Define agglutinogen

A

an antigen that stimulated the production of an agglutinin

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3
Q

Define immunogen

A

any antigen that is capable of producing a humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response

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4
Q

Define hapten

A

a small molecular weight compound that is unable to stimulate an immune response unless bound to a carrier

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5
Q

Define epitope

A

a single area on an antigen where a specific antibody can bind

(one antigen can have multiple epitopes)

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6
Q

Define avidity

A

the overall binding strength between an antibody and antigen

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7
Q

Define affinity

A

strength of an antibody-antigen interaction

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8
Q

Define specificity

A

the degree to which an immune response discriminates between antigenic determinants

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9
Q

Define cross-reactivity

A

reaction of one antigen with antibodies developed from a different antigen

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10
Q

Define monoclonal

A

a pure antibody produced by a single clone of cells

detects one, specific epitope

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11
Q

Define polyclonal

A

a collection of antibodies produced by different B-cell lineages

(identify multiple epitopes on the same antigen)

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12
Q

6 things that can help enhance agglutination

A 
Centrifugation
Enzyme treatment
Colloidal media
LISS, PEG, Polybrene
Chemically modified antisera
Antiglobulin test
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13
Q

How does centrifugation enhance agglutination?

A

Compacts the cells and antibodies together allowing closer interations

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14
Q

How does enzyme treatment enhance agglutination?

A

the enzymes partially digest the cell membrane to better expose the antigens

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15
Q

How does colloidal material enhance agglutination?

A

adsorbing the antigen or antibody onto a larger inert particle

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16
Q

How does LISS, PEG, and Polybrene enhance agglutination?

A

promote agglutination via decreasing the zeta-potential

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17
Q

How does chemically modified antisera enhance agglutination?

A

they contain a known antibody to detect unknown antigens

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18
Q

How does the antiglobulin test enhance agglutination?

A

reduces the zeta-potential by binding to human IgG that is bound to an antigen on the RBCs, which makes the agglutination visible.

19
Q

3 cellular antigens important in blood bank

A 
Blood group antigens
Histocompatibility antigens (HLAs)
Antigens and autoantibodies
20
Q

5 factors that play a role in antigenicity

A 
degree of foreignness
degradability
molecular weight
structural stability
complexity
21
Q

List the following from most antigenic to least antigenic:

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

A

(Most) proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (Least)

22
Q

Classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

23
Q

Functions of immunoglobulins:

A

bind antigens
complement fixation
placental transfer
serve as antigen

24
Q

Structure of IgA in secretions?

A

dimer (held together via J-chain)

25
Q

Which immunoglobulin is bound to the surface of immature and mature B-cells?

A

IgD

26
Q

Which immunoglobulin is able to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

27
Q

Define:
natural antibody
immune antibody

A

natural antibody: occurs naturally through evolution

immune antibody: formed via stimulation (i.e. pregnancy, transfusions)

28
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a pentamer in structure?

A

IgM

29
Q

Which immunoglobulin is predominant in primary immune response?

A

IgM

30
Q

Which immunoglobulin is predominant in anamnestic (secondary) immune response?

A

IgG

31
Q

Which immunoglobulin makes up roughly 10% of total Ig?

A

IgM

32
Q

Which IG make up 70-75% of the total Ig?

A

IgG

33
Q

Which Igs have subclasses and how many subclasses do they have?

A

IgG has 4 subclasses

IgA has 2 subclasses

34
Q

Which Ig requires at least two of them to bind in order to activate complement?

A

IgG

35
Q

Which Ig needs enhancement to agglutinate in vitro?

A

IgG

36
Q

Which Ig is predominant in secretions?

A

IgA

37
Q

IgA make up what percent of total Ig?

A

15-20%

38
Q

Which Ig activate complement?

A

IgM and IgG

NOT IgA

39
Q

What is zeta-potential?

A

RBCs have a net negative charge and repel each other. They will only get within 25 nm of each other.

Zeta potential refers to pulling the RBCs together to visualize agglutination

40
Q

Which Ig is best at agglutination?

A

IgM

41
Q

How big are IgG molecules?

A

14 nm

42
Q

How big are IgM molecules?

A

45nm

43
Q

What is Prozone, postzone, and the zone of equivalence?

A

Prozone: excess antibody (no agglutination)

Postzone: excess antigen (no agglutination)

Zone of equivalence: equal amounts of antibody to antigen (lattice formation)

44
Q

Why is the secondary immune response shorter?

A

memory cells

Blood Bank - JD (16 decks)

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