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foundations of medicine 3 > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

which immune cell components target bacteria

A

phagocytes
antibody and B lymphocytes
complement

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2
Q

which immune cell components target viruses

A

T lymphocytes
antibody and B lymphocytes

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3
Q

which immune cell components target fungi

A

phagocytes
T lymphocytes
eosinophils

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4
Q

which immune cell components target protozoa

A

T lymphocytes
eosinophils

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5
Q

which immune cell components target worms

A

eosinophils
mast cells

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6
Q

how do CD4+ T and NK cells arise

A

lymphoid progenitor cells migrate into the thymus from the bone marrow

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7
Q

what do T cells able to recognise MHC-I develop into

A

CD8+ T cells

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8
Q

what do T cells able to recognise MHC-II develop into

A

CD4+ T cells

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9
Q

what happens to T cells that recognise MHC/self-peptide antigens with high affinity

A

deleted or inactivated

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10
Q

what is the role of the spleen (2)

A

site of antigen presentation to mature lymphocytes
stores red blood cells and immature monocytes

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11
Q

where are acute phase proteins synthesised in response to inflammation

A

liver

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12
Q

name some skin resident immune cells

A

macrophages
mast cells
NK cells
dendritic cells

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13
Q

how do macrophages arise

A

circulating monocytes enter into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

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14
Q

role of macrophages

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

role of mast cells

A

important against parasites and in allergic reactions

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16
Q

role of NK cells

A

anti-viral immunity and killing abnormal tumour cells

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17
Q

where are mast cells found (2)

A

between tissues and the external environment
endothelial layer of blood vessels

18
Q

which are the main antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells

19
Q

role of dendritic cells

A

activate naïve and memory T cells

20
Q

which immune cells are recruited during acute inflammation

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes

21
Q

role of neutrophils

A

recruited to the sites of inflammation and infection, kill extracellular organisms

22
Q

name the 3 ways in which neutrophils kill organisms

A

degranulation
phagocytosis
NETosis

23
Q

what happens during NETosis

A

pathogens are localised and trapped in a sticky meshwork of chromatin

24
Q

what are the 2 main phases of adaptive immunity

A

cellular and humoral

25
Q

what are the 2 main types of cells in cellular adaptive immunity

A

CD4+ helper T cells
CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

26
Q

role of cytotoxic T cells

A

kill infected cells

27
Q

role of helper T cells

A

enhance the function of other innate and adaptive immune cells

28
Q

role of Th2 cells

A

drive IgE-mediated allergic responses

29
Q

what is the importance of opsonisation

A

antibodies and complement bind to foreign antigens to help facilitate phagocytosis (makes them recognisable)

30
Q

what are the types of tissue rejection

A

hyperacute, acute, chronic

31
Q

what usually causes acute tissue rejection

A

specific lymphocytes recognise non-self HLA/MHC variants in the grafted tissue

32
Q

which types of hypersensitivity reactions are usually involved tissue rejection

A

type 2 and 4

33
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity

34
Q

what is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

35
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

36
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

cell mediated hypersensitivity

37
Q

what happens in type 1 hypersensitivity

A

an allergen binds to IgE
causes degranulation of the mast cells the IgE is bound to

38
Q

what happens in type 2 hypersensitivity

A

cells are destroyed by bound antibody, either by activation of complement or by a cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

what happens in type 3 hypersensitivity

A

antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues
causes activation of complement which attracts neutrophils to the site

40
Q

what happens in type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Th1 cells secrete cytokines
activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and can cause macrophage accumulation at the site

foundations of medicine 3 (6 decks)

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