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MICROPARA > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

the ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their
products and to protect against environmental agents

A

Immunity

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2
Q

lack of immunity

A

Susceptibility

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3
Q

response generated against a potential pathogen

A

Immune response

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4
Q

Innate Immunity

A

– Immediate
– Not long-lasting
– Nonspecific
– Lacks immunologic memory
– First line of defense

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5
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

– Responds rapidly to 2nd exposure
– Specific
– Has immunologic memory
– Second line of defense

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6
Q

Skin and Mucous Membranes

A

■ Epidermis
■ Mucus in mucous membranes
■ Cilia in respiratory tract
■ Tears
■ Saliva
■ Flow of urine
■ Vaginal secretions

■ Defecation and vomiting
■ Sebum
■ Gastric acid
■ Lysozyme
■ Normal microbiota

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Formed Elements in the Blood

A

■ Erythrocytes/RBCs
■ Leukocytes/WBCs
■ Platelets

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9
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

myeloid cell
lymphoid stem cell

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10
Q

Myeloid cell

A

Granular leukocytes (whiteblood cells)
Erythrocyte
Megakaryocyte-platelets

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11
Q

Granular leukocytes (whiteblood cells)

A

Mast cell
Eosinophil
Basophi
Neutrophil

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12
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

Agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)

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13
Q

Agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Monocytes- dendritic cell and Macrophage
t-cell
B-cell- plasma cell
Natural killer Cell

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

function: Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Basophils

A

production of histamine

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16
Q

Eosinophils

A

Production of toxic proteins against certain parasites; some Phagocytosis

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17
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis when they mature to macrophages

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18
Q

dendritic cells

A

Phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune response

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19
Q

lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

A

Function: Destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

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20
Q

Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils) and
Monocytes/Macrophages/Dendritic Cells

A

Phagocytes

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21
Q

ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a
cell

A

Phagocytosis

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22
Q

population
of cells that descend from monocytes

A

Reticuloendothelial (Mononuclear Phagocytic) System

23
Q

resident in certain tissues and
organs of the body

A

Fixed Macrophages/Histiocytes

24
Q

roam the tissues and gather at
sites of infection/inflammation

A

Free/Wandering Macrophages

25
Q

Fixed Macrophages

A

■ Kupffer cells- liver
■ Alveolar macrophages-lungs
■ Microglial cells- CNS nervous system
■ Langerhans Cells-skin
■ Splenic macrophages-splein
■ Peritoneal macrophages-peritonial

26
Q

consists of a fluid (lymph), vessels (lymphatic vessels), and structures and organs
containing lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphatic System

27
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A

where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
– e.g. bone marrow and thymus

28
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs/Tissues

A

– where most immune responses occur

– e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix, MALT (mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue)

– contains large numbers of lymphocytes and phagocytes
– Lymph nodes – sites of activation of T cells and B cells

29
Q

sites of activation of T cells and B cells

A

Lymph nodes

30
Q

Complement System

A

consists of >30 proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the
blood and within tissues

31
Q

3 pathways: all end in activation of C3

A

– Classical
– Alternative
– Lectin

32
Q

Outcomes of Complement Activation

A

Cytolysis
opsonization
inflammation

33
Q

Inflammation

A

a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage

34
Q

5 cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

– Pain
– Redness
– Loss of function
– Swelling
– Heat

35
Q

Functions:
– to destroy/remove the injurious agent
– if destruction/removal is not possible, to limit the effects
on the body by confining or walling it off
– to repair or replace damaged tissue

A

Inflammation

36
Q

Steps
1. Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
2. Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis
3. Tissue Repair

A

Inflammation

37
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

– develop rapidly and last for
a few days or weeks
– mild and self-limiting
– principal defensive cells: neutrophils

38
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

– develop slowly and last up
to several months or years
– severe and progressive
– principal defensive cells:
monocytes and
macrophages

39
Q

abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the
hypothalamic thermostat

A

Fever

40
Q

Fever

A

■ intensifies the effect of interferons
■ may help tissue repair
■ IL-1 - helps step up T cell production

41
Q

■ a family of cytokines
■ produced by fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages
■ inhibit viral replication

A

Interferons (IFNs)

42
Q

3 types of interferons in humans

A

– alpha interferon (IFN-ɑ)
– beta interferon (IFN-β)
– gamma interferon (IFN-γ)

43
Q

has ability to differentiate between normal “self” cells and
“nonself” also in innate

A

Adaptive Immunity

44
Q

distinguished from innate immunity by its specificity and
memory like combat specific pathogen or antigen while innate- nonspecific ombats any pathogen

A

Adaptive Immunity

45
Q

The Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity

A

Humoral and cell mediated immunity

46
Q

Mediated by B cells

A

Humoral Immunity

47
Q

Mediated by T cells

A

Cell mediated

48
Q

Acts on extracellular microbes and their toxins

A

Humoral immunity

49
Q

Acts on itracellular microbes such as Viruses, bacteria, and parasites and tumor cells

A

Cell mediated Immunity

50
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow
Thymus

51
Q

Red bone marrow lng

A

B cells -Humoral

52
Q

red bone marrow and thymus

A

mature t cells-cell mediated immunity

53
Q
A

MICROPARA (5 decks)

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