Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what cytokines enhance NK cell activity?

A

IFN-a and INF-b

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2
Q

What is a thymus-independent antigen?

A

ex) LPS on bacteria can illicit an immune response without being presented to a T cell via MHC

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3
Q

what are the surface proteins on B cells?

A

CD-19 CD-20 CD-21

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4
Q

follicles are the site of _____

A

B cell activation

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5
Q

first degree follicles are _____
second degree follicles are _____

A

1: dense and quiescent
2: active with pale germinal centers

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6
Q

medullary sinuses contain

A

reticular cells and macrophages

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7
Q

medullary cords contain

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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8
Q

what part of lymph enlarges in an extreme cellular immune response?

A

paracortex (contains T cells)

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9
Q

the lymph paracortex is located _____ and contains _____

A

between follicles and medulla
high endothelial venules through which T and B cells enter from the blood

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10
Q

Key features in pathogen recognition of innate immunity:

A

Toll-like receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and lead to activation of NF-kB

examples of PAMPs are LPS on bacteria, flagellin on bacteria and nucleic acids in viruses

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11
Q

key features in pathogen recognition of adaptive immunity

A

memory cells: activated B and T cells can mount a stronger and quicker immune response to exposure of a previous pathogen

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12
Q

innate immunity is ______ encoded

A

germline

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13
Q

adaptive immunity is acquired though ____

A

VDJ recombination

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14
Q

MHC II is only present on what type of cells?

A

APCs

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15
Q

MHC I present ____ antigens

A

endogenous antigens (viral or cytosolic proteins)

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16
Q

MHC II present ____ antigens

A

exogenous antigens (bacterial proteins)

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17
Q

how do NK cells work?

A

use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells

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18
Q

what cytokines enhance NK cells?

A

IL-2, IL-12, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

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19
Q

decreased expression of ____ can trigger NK cells?

A

MHC I

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20
Q

what cytokines are secreted by NK cells?

A

INF-gamma to recruit macrophages

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21
Q

MHC I is an inhibitory signal to what cells?

A

NK cells

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22
Q

What is the process of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity for NK cells?

A

the CD16 on NK cells binds the Fc region of bound IgG
this activates the NK cell

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23
Q

humoral immunity pertains to ___ cells

A

B cells

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24
Q

cell-mediated immunity pertains to ___ cells

A

T cells

25
Q

B cells differentiate into _____ cells to secrete specific immunoglobulines

A

plasma cells

26
Q

what are the types of phagocytes?

A

cells that can engulf something

macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes (eosinophils etc)

27
Q

helper T cells

A

CD4 +
help B cells make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and recruit other leukocytes

28
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+
directly kill virus-infected and tumor cells via perforin and granzymes

29
Q

T cell precursors originate in the _____ and have _____ markers

A

bone marrow
cell is bald! no markers yet

30
Q

positive selection of T cells occurs in the ____

A

thymic cortex
are CD4+ and CD8+

31
Q

negative selection of T cells occurs in the ____

A

thymic medulla
differentiate into CD4+ or CD8+

32
Q

what cytokines induce Th1 helper cell differentiation?

A

IFN-gamma and IL-12

33
Q

what cytokines induce Th2 helper cell differentiation?

A

IL-2 and IL-4

34
Q

what cytokines do T regulatory cells secrete?

A

anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-beta and IL-10 to maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity

35
Q

what cytokines do Th1 cells secrete?

A

IFN-gamma and IL-2
activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

36
Q

what cytokines do Th2 secrete?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13
activate eosinophils and increase IgE

37
Q

IgE binds ____

A

mast cells and basophils, cross links when exposed to allergen
mediating immediate (type 1) hypersensitivity through release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine

38
Q

which immunoglobulin contributes to immunity to parasites?

A

IgE

39
Q

IgD is expressed on the surface of ____ cells

A

naive B cells

40
Q

what is the first antibody produced in an immune response?

A

IgM

41
Q

What does IgA do?

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes

42
Q

which immunoglobulin is secreted in breast milk?

A

IgA

43
Q

what is the most abundant isotype in serum?

A

IgG

44
Q

what are the two opsonins?

A

C3b and IgG

45
Q

mature naive B cells prior to activation express which two antibodies?

A

IgM and IgD

46
Q

where do B cells isotype switch into plasma cells?

A

germinal centers of lymph nodes, plasma cells then secrete AGE

47
Q

Which isotype crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

48
Q

thymus-dependent antigens contain a ____ component

A

protein

49
Q

complement is a part of _____ immunity?

A

innate

50
Q

MAC (membrane attack complex) defends against ____

A

gram negative bacteria

51
Q

MAC complex is important for neutralizing _____ species

A

neisseria

52
Q

early complement deficiencies (C1-C4)

A

increased risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections

53
Q

terminal complement deficiencies (C5-C9)

A

increased susceptibility to neisseria bacteremia

54
Q

C1 esterase inhibitory deficiency leads to

A

hereditary angioedema
decreased C4 levels
increased bradykinin

55
Q

interferons are a part of ____ immunity

A

innate

56
Q

what cells are in the PALS of the spleen?

A

T cells

57
Q

PALS and follicles are in the _____ pulp of the spleen?

A

white pulp

58
Q

the ____ zone is located between the red pulp and white pulp

A

marginal
contains macrophages and B cells