Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

How does skin act as a defence against foreign bodies?

A

It is a physical barrier and produced anti microbial fatty acids. It inhibits pathogen colonisation.

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2
Q

How do mucous and respiratory cilia protect against foreign bodies?

A

They move micro organisms out of the body

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3
Q

How does stomach acid correlate with the colonisation of foreign bodies?

A

The stomach is acidic. The lower the pH, the more adept the chemical defence is at inhibiting microbial growth

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4
Q

How many cardinal signs of inflammation is there?

A

5

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5
Q

What is Rubor

A

Redness. Caused by increased blood flow

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6
Q

What is tumor?

A

Swelling. Caused by exudation of fluid

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7
Q

What is calor?

A

Heat. Caused by increased blood flow, exudation of fluid, release of inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

What is dalor?

A

Pain. Caused by stretching of pain receptors and nerves by inflammatory exudates and chemical mediators

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9
Q

What is functio laesa?

A

loss of function. Caused by pain, disruption of tissue structure, fibroplasia and metaplasia

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10
Q

What is hereditary angiodema?

A

Inherited deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor.
Leads to uncontrolled activation of complement cascade by classical pathway.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms from an angiodema attack?

A

Swelling of lips and cheeks
Potential airway problem

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12
Q

How do you manage angiodema?

A

Give C1 esterase inhibitor

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13
Q

What is the relationship between an antigen and antibody?

A

The antibody is a complementary molecule which fits onto the antigen. The antigen can be a protein, peptide or a complex molecule.

This occurs in specific immunity

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14
Q

How and where are antibodies produced?

A

Produced by B-cells in lymph nodes.

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15
Q

Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

A

Humoral immunity:
- antibody mediated
- Involves B calls
- primary defence is against bacterial infection

Cell/mediated immunity:
- cell mediated
- involves T cells
- defence against viral and fungal infections and intracellular organisms

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16
Q

Is the second encounter to an antigen faster compared to the primary response?

A

Yes. The secondary response is faster due to the long lasting memory cells and adaptive immune memory.

17
Q

What is the purpose of immunisation?

A

Allow host to mount effective immune response if exposed to antigens in the future

18
Q

What is Tetanus?

A

Infection cause by the bacteria Clostridium Tetani. Toxin causes uncontrolled muscle spasm.

19
Q

What does a toxin do?

A

Neutralises the effect of virus/bacteria

20
Q

What is major histocompatibility complex?

A

Involved in cell-cell interactions
Allows immune system to tell from self to non-self
Non self cells are treated as foreign and attacked