Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMS1 > Blood 1 > Flashcards

Blood 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Water (96%)
Ions
Proteins
Nutrients
Wastes
Gases
Sugar, fat, electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Most abundant cell in blood - accounts for around 45% of volume

No nucleus, able to easily change shape

No nucleus therefore, short lifespan - 120 days

Contains Hb which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of haematopoietic stem cells?

A
  1. Myeloid stem cell e.g. red blood cell and platelets
  2. Lymphoid stem cell e.g. T-cells and B-cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of a particular line of stem cells causing unregulated production of certain types of blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 main types of leukaemia?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes pancytopenia?

A

Mutation which causes excessive production of a single type of abnormal white blood cell. This excessive production comes at the expense of other cell types, causing pancytopenia (combination of anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What age groups are the four different types of leukaemia susceptible to?

A

Under 5 and over 45 - acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL age groups)

Over 55 – chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CeLL)

Over 65 – chronic myeloid leukaemia (CoMmon)

Over 75 – acute myeloid leukaemia (AMbitions)

ALL CELLMATES HAVE COMMON AMBITIONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A

Acute proliferation of a single type of lymphocyte, usually B-lymphocytes, causing replacement of other cells created in bone marrow, leading to pancytopenia

The most common cancer in children, peaks around 2-4 years. Can also affect adults over 45 years. Often associated with Downs syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia?

A

Chronic proliferation of usually B-lymphocytes

Usually affects adults over 55 years.

Often asymptomatic but it can present with infections, anaemia, bleeding and weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

Three phases:

Chronic phase – can last 5yrs, is often asymptomatic, patients are diagnosed incidentally with a raised white cell count

Accelerated phase – abnormal blast cells take up a high proportion of bone marrow and blood (10-20%). Patients develop anaemia, thrombocytopenia and become immunocompromised

Blast phase – follows accelerated phase and involves even higher proportion of blast cells (>30%). Has severe symptoms and pancytopenia. Is often fatal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

Most common acute leukaemia in adults
Many different types of acute myeloid leukaemia with different presentations
Can present at any age but usually from middle age onwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the oral signs and symptoms of leukaemia?

A

Compared to other types of leukaemia, oral manifestations are ordinarily seen in AML
Oral exam may show mucosal pallor related to anaemia; spontaneous bleeding, and gingival hyperplasia caused by leukemic infiltration
The most prevalent oral signs and symptoms are gingival bleeding, oral ulceration and gingival hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is leukaemia diagnosed?

A

Simple test initially – FBC indicates anaemia
Blood film shows shape/features of blood cells under microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is leukeamia treated?

A

Treatment will be coordinated by an oncologymulti-disciplinary team.
Leukaemia is primarily treated withchemotherapyandsteroids

Other therapies include:
- Radiotherapy
- Bone marrow transplant
- Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define the term lymphoma?

A

Umbrella term encompassing a broad range of cancers derived from lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two divisons of lymphoma? Briefly describe the differences between the two

A

1) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Approx 85% of lymphomas
Usual onset 65-75yrs
Risk factors: poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, Hep C, Obesity, EBV infection.

2) Hodgkin lymphoma
Approx 15% of lymphomas
Recognised histologically by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (multinucleated cells in lymph nodes)
Any age
Risk factors: EBV, Family history, HIV/AIDS
Good prognosis. 5yr survival up to 98% (85% with unfavourable features)
Often treated by radiotherapy along as long as it is localised

17
Q

How is lymphoma diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosed via lymph node biopsy.

Treatment and management depends on grade of disease
Low grade inactive may be a period of observation only, with no active intervention
May see combinations of local radiotherapy and chemotherapy as the grade increases

18
Q

What is a myeloma?

A

Myeloma is a blood cancer arising from plasma cells (B lymphocytes that produce specific antibodies)

Mainly affects > 65yrs. However it has been diagnosed in people much younger. M > F = 2:1
Myeloma develops when DNA is damaged during the development of a plasma cell. This abnormal cell then starts to multiply and spread within the bone marrow. The abnormal plasma cells release a large amount of a single type of antibody – known as paraprotein – which has no useful function.

Treatable but incurable. 5yr survival is 52%.
Risk factors: obesity, family Hx, EBV, certain chemical exposures, radiation

19
Q

Describe the signs symptoms of myeloma along with the diagnosis?

A

Bone pain
Bleeding
Anaemia
Impaired kidney function
Frequent infection
Neurological symptoms
Amyloidosis
Plasmacytomas in soft tissue – can be intra-oral, usually presents as a mass. May appear as a ulcerated lesion.

Diagnosis is via the following:
- Tests: Protein electrophoresis (shows paraprotein collection – monoclonal peak on electrophoresis (with or without reduction in other immunoglobulins)

Additional findings: elevated calcium (osteoclasts breaking down bone)
raised creatinine due to reduced kidney function

Bone marrow biopsy – estimate percentage of bone marrow occupied by plasma cells

pepper pots appearance skull - bone dissolved by osteoclasts -shown as lytic patches along bone

20
Q

Key features of myeloma

A

CRAB
hyperCalcemia
Renal failure
Anaemia
Bone disease

21
Q

What is oral plasmacytoma

A

Lesion packed with plasma cells
leads to pathological fracture of bone/jaw due to bone being replaced by plasma cells

22
Q

Dental implications of Myeloma

A
  1. Hyperviscocity of blood p spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes
    2.Renal failure due to kidney damage from abnormal antibodies - THINK ABOUT WHAT TYPE/HOW MUCH DRUGS YOU CAN PRESCRIBE
  2. bisphosphonates used alongside steroids for txt - reduces bone turnover therefore less risk of pathological fracture (dont forget MRONJ risk)
  3. chemotherapy, thalidomide, stem cell transplant, radiotherapy : can bring about remission
23
Q

Graft vs Host disease - what Is it

A

A common but fatal complication of stem cell transplant - can be acute or chronic
Acute : fatal, typically affects skin, GI and liver
Chronic: affects different organs, including oral cavity

24
Q

Oral implications of Graft vs Host disease

A
  1. Lichenoid lesions- ulcers and striations
  2. Hyperkeratotic plaques
  3. Limited opening secondary to sclerosis - think about less OH and dental work being done
  4. Mild/moderate/severe erosive lesions can be seen

MUST TEACH PT TO SELF EXAMINE IF THEYVE HAD A Bone marrow transplant bc higher risk of hyperplasia

25
Q

Effects of blood disorders on oral health

A
  1. Infections due to lack of normal white blood cells
  2. Infections more likely and severe
  3. Purpura - small bruises in skin, nosebleeds, bleeding gums
  4. Bleeding and bruising due to lack of platelets
  5. Meds have side effect of oral ulcerations - but dont always assume its the meds that have caused the ulcer, always investigate
  6. Bisphosphonates, immunosuppressants,steroids - likely to cause immuno compromised patients
  7. Side effects of chemo- infection, delayed dental development in children

CMS1 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions