Hiv & hep Flashcards
- When was the first reported description of hepatitis?
Hippocrates 400BCE
- What happened during 400 BCE – 1800?
Infectious hepatitis was endemic in some areas and it was known to come in waves, especially during wars and conflicts
- First cases of hepatitis transferring through blood products?
During the WW2 1920 yellow fever vaccination programs as the vaccines had human serum which had hepatitis in it.
How many recorded cases of hepatitis in soldiers vaccinated for yellow fever?
45,000
How many types of hepatitis did they discover back then?
1) Infectious hepatitis
Short incubation period /Faecal-oral transmission
* 2) Serum hepatitis
Longer incubation period
Serum transmission
Which countries are affected by Hepatitis A?
It is a worldwide problem
How is hep A spread?
Person to person contact due to poor hygiene and unsafe water
What is Hep A’s incubation period?
14-28 days
What are some symptoms of Hep A?
Fever malaise abdominal pain jaundice (raised serum bilirubin) and dark urin due to bilirubin in urine
How likely is someone to recover from Hep A?
Highly likely
Is there an immunity following hep A infection?
Yes, a lifetime immunity
How many people does hep B effect at a. time?
350 Million
How many new cases of hep B a year?
1.5 million
How many deaths does hep b cause?
1 million per year
How is hep b spread?
Blood/body fluid transmission ex
Mother to child during birth
Sexual transmission
Iv drug abuse
Tattoo/healthcare
Describe the possible course of a hep b infection?
Inoculation with contaminated blood/serum/body fluids
70% chance they will be symptomatic 30% chance asymptomatic carriers
A small number of symptomtic will develop chronic hep/cirrhosis, liver cancer which can cause liver failure or death, however the majority recover but will remain asymptomatic carriers.
hep b symtoms?
Malaise
Nausea
Anorexia
Abdo pain
Arthralgia
Jaundice
After recovering from hep B what happens?
You remain a lifelong carrier of hep B
Describe the structure of hep B virus
Consists of an outer membrane that contains the hep b surface antigen
In the middle there is the core antigen
Between the core and surface antigen there is an E antigen
How are people vaccinated against hepatitis B?
With the hepatitis b surface antigen
They will develop hepatitis b surface antigen antibodies only
What is HIV?
-(human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
What type of virus is HIV?
human T-cell lymphotropic virus/ retrovirus slow onsent of disease
first account of HIV? From?
Pre-1980
Virus transferred from monkeys to humans from hunting
What happened in New York during 1981?
Pneumocystis carinii parasitic chest infections
Pigmented cancer called Kaposis sarcoma noted in previously well people
When was the virus that caused the problem in 1981 identified?
In 1983 the retrovirus was identified
When was the first treatment for the 1981 ‘hiv’ incidident identified?
1995
How many people have died bec of HIV?
Worldwide problem aprox 40 million
How many new hiv cases a year?
1.5 million
How many people are currently living with HIV?
40 million and 25 million of those are in Africa
How is HIV transmitted ?
Blood
Body fluids
Mother to baby
Maternal transmission
breastfeeding
Unprotected sex
Contaminated blood products
Needle stick injury
How is HIV NOT transmitted?
Normal contact
Sharing food, cutlery, plates, cups etc
Condom-protected sex
What is stage 1 of hiv infection?
Stage 1:
2-4 weeks after
Malaise, fatique, muscle pain, fever, lymphadenopathy
What is stage 2 of hiv infection?
Stage 2: asymptomatic
Months to years after
Increasing viral replication
What is stage 3 of hiv infection?
Acquired Immune Deficiencey Syndrome (AIDS)
What cells does HIV affect?
White blood cells
CD4+ T cells: T helper cells, help fight infections
CD8+ T cells: Killer T cells, help kill tumour cells
Why does HIV affect CD4+ cells?
HIV replicates within CD4+ cells.
During Stage 2 CD4 count gradually declines
Affected person becomes more immunocompromised
What conditions are AIDS-defining illnesses?
Low CD4+ count +
specific king of Lymphoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Candidiasis
Fungal/viral/parasitic infections
AIDs prognosis?
poor
How to manage HIV infection?
By minimising impact of disease of CD4+ count early on in stage 2
Why is viral load important?
It’s a measure of infection risk
High viral load=transmission risk and vice versa
How is HIV managed?
How is HIV managed?
Manageable not curable by Anti retroviral treatment
Prevent virus replication, maintain CD4 count, maintain immune function
Why is HIV a challenge?
Long latent period
Lack of universal testing
Expensive treatment
Impact of disease on family, local, national, regional economies
