Hiv & hep

Question 1

• When was the first reported description of hepatitis?

Answer 1

Hippocrates 400BCE

Question 2

• What happened during 400 BCE – 1800?

Answer 2

Infectious hepatitis was endemic in some areas and it was known to come in waves, especially during wars and conflicts

Question 3

• First cases of hepatitis transferring through blood products?

Answer 3

During the WW2 1920 yellow fever vaccination programs as the vaccines had human serum which had hepatitis in it.

Question 4

How many recorded cases of hepatitis in soldiers vaccinated for yellow fever?

Answer 4

45,000

Question 5

How many types of hepatitis did they discover back then?

Answer 5

1) Infectious hepatitis
Short incubation period /Faecal-oral transmission
* 2) Serum hepatitis
Longer incubation period
Serum transmission

Question 6

Which countries are affected by Hepatitis A?

Answer 6

It is a worldwide problem

Question 7

How is hep A spread?

Answer 7

Person to person contact due to poor hygiene and unsafe water

Question 8

What is Hep A’s incubation period?

Answer 8

14-28 days

Question 9

What are some symptoms of Hep A?

Answer 9

Fever malaise abdominal pain jaundice (raised serum bilirubin) and dark urin due to bilirubin in urine

Question 10

How likely is someone to recover from Hep A?

Answer 10

Highly likely

Question 11

Is there an immunity following hep A infection?

Answer 11

Yes, a lifetime immunity

Question 12

How many people does hep B effect at a. time?

Answer 12

350 Million

Question 13

How many new cases of hep B a year?

Answer 13

1.5 million

Question 14

How many deaths does hep b cause?

Answer 14

1 million per year

Question 15

How is hep b spread?

Answer 15

Blood/body fluid transmission ex
Mother to child during birth
Sexual transmission
Iv drug abuse
Tattoo/healthcare

Question 16

Describe the possible course of a hep b infection?

Answer 16

Inoculation with contaminated blood/serum/body fluids
70% chance they will be symptomatic 30% chance asymptomatic carriers
A small number of symptomtic will develop chronic hep/cirrhosis, liver cancer which can cause liver failure or death, however the majority recover but will remain asymptomatic carriers.

Question 17

hep b symtoms?

Answer 17

Malaise
Nausea
Anorexia
Abdo pain
Arthralgia
Jaundice

Question 18

After recovering from hep B what happens?

Answer 18

You remain a lifelong carrier of hep B

Question 19

Describe the structure of hep B virus

Answer 19

Consists of an outer membrane that contains the hep b surface antigen
In the middle there is the core antigen
Between the core and surface antigen there is an E antigen

Question 20

How are people vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Answer 20

With the hepatitis b surface antigen
They will develop hepatitis b surface antigen antibodies only

Question 21

What is HIV?

Answer 21

-(human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

Question 22

What type of virus is HIV?

Answer 22

human T-cell lymphotropic virus/ retrovirus slow onsent of disease

Question 23

first account of HIV? From?

Answer 23

Pre-1980
Virus transferred from monkeys to humans from hunting

Question 24

What happened in New York during 1981?

Answer 24

Pneumocystis carinii parasitic chest infections
Pigmented cancer called Kaposis sarcoma noted in previously well people

Question 25

When was the virus that caused the problem in 1981 identified?

Answer 25

In 1983 the retrovirus was identified

Question 26

When was the first treatment for the 1981 ‘hiv’ incidident identified?

Answer 26

1995

Question 27

How many people have died bec of HIV?

Answer 27

Worldwide problem aprox 40 million

Question 28

How many new hiv cases a year?

Answer 28

1.5 million

Question 29

How many people are currently living with HIV?

Answer 29

40 million and 25 million of those are in Africa

Question 30

How is HIV transmitted ?

Answer 30

Blood
Body fluids
Mother to baby
Maternal transmission
breastfeeding
Unprotected sex
Contaminated blood products
Needle stick injury

Question 31

How is HIV NOT transmitted?

Answer 31

Normal contact
Sharing food, cutlery, plates, cups etc
Condom-protected sex

Question 32

What is stage 1 of hiv infection?

Answer 32

Stage 1:
2-4 weeks after
Malaise, fatique, muscle pain, fever, lymphadenopathy

Question 33

What is stage 2 of hiv infection?

Answer 33

Stage 2: asymptomatic
Months to years after
Increasing viral replication

Question 34

What is stage 3 of hiv infection?

Answer 34

Acquired Immune Deficiencey Syndrome (AIDS)

Question 35

What cells does HIV affect?

Answer 35

White blood cells
CD4+ T cells: T helper cells, help fight infections
CD8+ T cells: Killer T cells, help kill tumour cells

Question 36

Why does HIV affect CD4+ cells?

Answer 36

HIV replicates within CD4+ cells.
During Stage 2 CD4 count gradually declines
Affected person becomes more immunocompromised

Question 37

What conditions are AIDS-defining illnesses?

Answer 37

Low CD4+ count +
specific king of Lymphoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Candidiasis
Fungal/viral/parasitic infections

Question 38

AIDs prognosis?

Answer 38

poor

Question 39

How to manage HIV infection?

Answer 39

By minimising impact of disease of CD4+ count early on in stage 2

Question 40

Why is viral load important?

Answer 40

It’s a measure of infection risk
High viral load=transmission risk and vice versa

Question 41

How is HIV managed?

Answer 41

How is HIV managed?
Manageable not curable by Anti retroviral treatment
Prevent virus replication, maintain CD4 count, maintain immune function

Question 42

Why is HIV a challenge?

Answer 42

Long latent period
Lack of universal testing
Expensive treatment
Impact of disease on family, local, national, regional economies