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COT Final > Immunology 1 (13.1/13.2) > Flashcards

Immunology 1 (13.1/13.2) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the T cell receptors

A 
alpha beta (95%) 
gamma delta (5%)
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2
Q

what do virgin t cells produce when activated?

A

cytokines

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3
Q

which cytokine is made in response to viruses or bacteria

A

Th1

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4
Q

which cytokine is made in response to parasitic or IgA infections

A

Th2

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5
Q

what are primary lymphoid organs responsible for and what are some examples of these organs

A

for the generation and maturation of lymphocytes

ex. thymus, bone marrow

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6
Q

what are secondary lymphoid organs responsible for

what are some examples of these organs

A

here lymphocytes congregate to carry out their functions

ex. they accumulate in locations like tonsils, ileum, appendix or lymph nodes

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7
Q

roles of the spleen

A

lymphatic organ for the circulation
reservoir for cells like monocytes
removes effete(disfunctional) erythrocytes from circulation

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8
Q

what is the purpose of reticulated epithelium in places like the tonsils?

A

to allow passage of lymphocytes through an epithelial layer

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9
Q

what are resident T lymphocytes in the thymus called

A

thymocytes

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10
Q

what is the function of hassall’s corpuscles and their location

A 
function = mysterious 
found in medulla of thymus
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11
Q

the role of epithelioreticular cells (ERCs)

A

guard entrance to the cortex and the medulla of the thymus

create a perivsacular space between them and the medullary venules

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12
Q

what does the liver arise from

A

embryonic endoderm as the hepatic diverticulum (liver bud)

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13
Q

what does the cystic diverticulum give rise to

A

gall bladder and pancreas

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14
Q

T/F Liver has both exocrine and endocrine function, while pancreas only has exocrine function

A

False

both liver and pancreas have exocrine AND endocrine function

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15
Q

In adults, the exocrine outflow of the liver drains to

A

common hepatic duct

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16
Q

outflow to the duodenum is through what duct

A

common bile duct

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17
Q

what causes the sphincter of oddi to relax

A

CCK secretion in duodenum

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18
Q

the liver receives blood from

A 
hepatic artery (from systemic circulation) and 
hepatic portal vein (majority of blood from here)
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19
Q

blood leaves the liver via

A

hepatic vein which joins inferior vena cava to return to heart

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20
Q

hepatic (or classical) lobule is centered around

A

central veins

-hepatic lobules usually hexagonal (vertices are portal triads)

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21
Q

portal lobule is centered around

A

portal triad

-portal lobule should be triangular (3 vertices are central veins)

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22
Q

hepatic acinus corresponds to

A

one incoming central artery and its drainage to two central veins
-diamond shape (two vertices are 2 closest portal triads across one axis, w 2 vertices of central veins across the other axis)

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23
Q

what must blood transit through to get from portal triad to central vein

A

hepatic sinuses

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24
Q

space of disse function

A

hepatocytes have access to plasma components

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25
Q

kupffer cells in sinuses are

A

resident macrophages

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26
Q

what do hepatic stellate cells generate

A

collagen in pathological state

27
Q

what is the exocrine product of the liver

A

bile

28
Q

where is bile secreted into

A

bile canaliculi

29
Q

what are bile ductules lined with

A

cuboidal cholangiocytes

30
Q

the liver is largely surrounded by

A

CT of Glisson’s capsule except where adventitial to the gall bladder

31
Q

antigens that make it to the liver make a

A

tolerance response from the immune system

32
Q

cell that represents the largest macrophage population in the body

A

kupffercells

33
Q

what organ makes the majority of circulating immune system proteins

A

liver

34
Q

what do liver transplants show

A

a degree of immunotolerance not seen in other organ transplants
they protect other upstream transplants

35
Q

what viral diseases take advantage of the liver’s unique immune system to persist in the body

A

hepatitis B and C

36
Q

where does the PHSC (pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell) function in adults

A

bone marrow

37
Q

megakaryocytes produce

A

platelets

38
Q

megakaryotes undergo endomitosis which is

A

chromosome duplication without cell division

39
Q

Paget’s disease results from

A

imbalance in rates of bone formation and bone resorption

40
Q

what are the abnormal morphological findings in pagent’s disease

A
  1. osteoclasts are abnormal

2. there shouldn’t be CT, there should only be bone or marrow

41
Q

where are lymphocytes born and where do they enter circulation

A

the marrow and enter circulation at marrow sinuses

42
Q

the similarity between B cell development in birds and mammals is that

A

initial B cell development and specification happens in the bone marrow

43
Q

the difference between B cell development in birds and mammals is

A

the final stage of B cell development in birds requires that it goes through another organ called Bursa of Fabricius (near rectum)

  • bursa is prominent in young bird but reduces with age which parallels with decline in B cell production
  • mammals don’t have bursa but similar system for T cells which develop in marrow, enter circulation briefly, then go into thymus where fully mature
44
Q

where are t cells born

A

marrow

45
Q

the thymus is situated in the

A

mediastinum

-adventital area bn chest wall, parietal pleura, spine, and parietal pericardium

46
Q

what happens to the thymus with age

A

it involutes (curves in) so much of the volume of the organ is replaced by adipocytes

47
Q

thymocytes are

A

immature lymphocytes that is acquiring t cell receptors and the ability to bind non self MHC molecules

48
Q

most common cell in the thymic cortex are

A

thymocytes

49
Q

distinctive feature of the thymic medulla

A

hassall’s corpuscles which are sheets of squamous epithelioreticular cells (ERCs)

50
Q

what comprises medullary ERCs

A

cytokeratin

51
Q

involution occurs in what two structures

A

bone marrow and thymus

but bone marrow involutes before thymus

52
Q

what is involution

A

the replacement of parenchymal cells with stromal adipocytes

53
Q

when the bone marrow is dominated by adipocytes it’s called

A

yellow marrow

54
Q

ideal bone marrow biposy from

A

red marrow target bc it has mostly hematopoietic cells

55
Q

where is red marrow found in adults

A

ends of long bones, vertebral column, pelvis

56
Q

where is the preferred biopsy site for marrow

A

crest of the ilium

57
Q

functions of the liver

A
  1. modifications of blood-borne substances (intracellulary in hepatocytes)
  2. make bile to be sent to duodenum to prepare fats for digestion by enzymes
58
Q

space of disse located

A

located bn sinus endothelium and hepatocyte

59
Q

what is the connective tissue supporting the hepatocytes made up of mostly and what stain can be used to see them

A

reticular fibers

in a silver stain

60
Q

what stains for kupffer cells

A

supravital staining

61
Q

periportal means

A

affecting the cells around the portal triad

-zone 1 of hepatic acinus

62
Q

pericentral

A

affecting the cells around the central veins

-zone 3 of hepatic acinus

63
Q

which zone of the hepatic acinus is closest to inflow

A

zone 1 which has portal triads on the vertices

64
Q

which zone of the hepatic acinus is closest to outflow

A

zone 3 which has central veins on the vertices

COT Final (5 decks)

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