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COT Final > Immuno 2 (14.1/14.2) > Flashcards

Immuno 2 (14.1/14.2) Flashcards

1
Q

describe the path of lymphatic circulation

A

enters via afferent lymphatics
branches in subcapsular sinuses and trabecular sinuses
percolates thru the cortex and medullary cords
leaves via medullary sinus to efferent lymphatics

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2
Q

can lymphocytes entering via the systemic circulation leave the circulation? if so can they reenter?

A

yes they can leave
can’t reeenter systemic circulation so have to go through medullary cord and exit via efferent lymphatics
-so if leave systemic circulation in the medulla, then have to enter via lymphatics

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3
Q

describe the path of spleen circulation

-is this open or closed circulation

A

blood enters the splenic artery –> trabecular arteries –> central arteries –> radial arteries –> penicillar arteries –> sheathed capillaries –> splenic sinuses –> trabecular veins –> splenic vein

-closed circulation bc blood cells never leave an endothelial lined space

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4
Q

does spleen have systemic and/or lymphatic circulation

A

only systemic

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5
Q

what region do blood cells leave the endothelium ?

i.e. what portion of the spleen can blood enter into the CT space

A

marginal zone

bn red and white pulp

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6
Q

where do WBCs congregate

A

white pulp

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7
Q

white pulp surrounds the central arteries as a

A

PALS (peri-arterial lymphatic sheath)

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8
Q

what is the red pulp comprised of and hwat cells course through it

A

splenic cords and sinuses

-RBCs (erythrocytes) go through it

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9
Q

what’s the diff bn open and closed circulation

A

closed = blood cells never leave an endothelial lined space
-ex. splenic artery to splenic vein

open = blood cells come in, course through vessels, leaves vasculature, enters CT compartment of spleen
-ex. red pulp path through splenic cords and try to reenter the splenic sinus

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10
Q

what cells recognize and remove RBCs that lack functioning key surface proteins and erythrocytes that can no longer deform themselves

A

splenic macrophages

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11
Q

erythrocytes that cant deform themselves are mechanically prevented from entering the splenic sinuses by encircling what

A

reticular fibers

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12
Q

what is the difference bn how normal macrophages function vs macrophages that act on mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

normal -ingest bacteria in a phagosome and destroy it by binding the phagosome to a lysosome
TB - TB bacteria can modify the phagosome membrane to make it incapable of binding to the lysosome causing a battle bn incr immune system activation and hijacked macrophages

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13
Q

what do Th1 cells create

Th2?

A

Th1 create IgG antibodies

Th2 create IgE antibodies

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14
Q

IgE produces

-predominate in

A

allergic reactions

-in fetal life

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15
Q

theory as to why allergies arise

A

early exposure to environmental antigens is whe swtch that shifts its antibody production in favor of IgGs
without exposure, IgE predominates even in adult life

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16
Q

celiac disease is an autoimmune diease with problem in what target protein? major symptoms?

A

gluten of wheat

loss of villi in smal intestine –> means cant absorb nutrients from food

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17
Q

multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune diease with problem in what target protein? major symptoms?

A

autoimmunity to myelin

weakness (fatigue in muscles) & islands of white in white matter area where immune system destroyed the myelin

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18
Q

rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune diease with problem in what target protein? major symptoms?

A

targets proteins of cartilage (ex. type 2 collagen)
joint pain symptom
-wrong is there’s lots of immune cells (lymphocytes) and there’s bone fragments

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19
Q

diabetes is an autoimmune diease with problem in what target protein? major symptoms?

A

targets pancreatic islet B cells
glucose intolerance
-when t cell tolerance fails

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20
Q

how is HIV unique

A

can hide from the immune system (hides in Th cells)

low levels of the virus continue to be present creating the “chronic” phase of infection

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21
Q

in HIV, what cells are depleted

A

Th cells and CTL cells are gradually depleted

-depletion pass a critical amount leads to infections

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22
Q

name the technique

where individual cells are passed through a column and read one by one automatically by a machine

A

flow cytometry

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23
Q

what are the two types of flow cytometry mentioned that are based on physical properties and what do they relate to

A 
forward scatter (i.e. transmittance) related to cell size 
side scatter related to cell granularity
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24
Q

what can be assessed in flow cytometry if fluorescent stains are used

A

multiple antibodies can be assessed on the same cells

-can use dyes or antibodies to cell surface proteins (CD markers)

25
Q

which organ functions as the lymphatic tissue for the blood

A

spleen

26
Q

which organ is a site of lymphocyte exposure to foreign subst’s

A

tonsils

27
Q

which organ is a region where experienced peripheral lymphocytes meet naiive systemic lymphocytes

A

lymph nodes

28
Q

where do b cells congregate in the tonsils

A

lymphoid follicles

29
Q

what is the function of a tonsil

A

to allow various lymphocytes access to potl ingested foreign substances

30
Q

purpose of tonsilar crypts

A

to hold a sampling of ingested food in close proximity

31
Q

oral epithelium that lacks many of its normal desmosomal attachments bn neighboring cells which alows CT cells to percolate amoung the epithelial cells and even into lumen of crypt

A

reticulated epithelium

32
Q

how to differentiate bn palatine tonsil and pharyngeal tonsil

A

palatine - oral epithelium (SSNK)

pharyngeal - respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified epi)

33
Q

epithelium that has modified stratified squamous epithelium

A

reticulated epi

34
Q

what is a lymphocyte seen in an epithelial layer termed

A

intraepithelial lymphocyte

35
Q

organ surrounded by adipose tissuem has lymphocytes, and has a dense sheet like CT (known as a capsule)

A

lymph nodes

36
Q

what is the dominant circulation (in terms of volume ) in a lymph node

A

systemic circulation

37
Q

highly active endothelial cells that undergo reversible metaplastic transition to cuboidal shape and euchromatic nucleus

A

high endothelial venules

38
Q

what is the most common site of leukocyte extravasion to CT

A

high endothelial venues (i.e. postcapillary venues)

39
Q

the germinal center of lymphoid follicles provides evidence of

A

clonal expansion of B-cells

40
Q

like the lymphnode, in the spleen what extends from the dense CT capsule

A

trabeculae

41
Q

whats the dominant cell type in red pulp? white pulp?

A 
red= RBC 
white = lymphocyte
42
Q

what are the 3 parts to the white pulp in the spleen

A 
splenic nodule (germinal center and mantle zone so the light and dark purple make the nodule) 
marginal zone (border bn white an dred pulp) 
PALS (surrounding central artery)
43
Q

what type of CT is trabeculae

A

Dense sheet like CT

44
Q

what is the dominant cell in the systemic circulation

A

erythrocyte

45
Q

what is the only place in body where blood leaves via an endothelium lined space

A

spleen

46
Q

be able to differentiate the medullary cord and sinus of the lymph nodes
and the splenic cord and sinus of the spleen

A

look at slide 372 vs 382
sinus = a space so choose the one that has white space **^ true for both organs
(or if has zebra stripes it’s the splenic sinus)

47
Q

where do penincillar arteries occur

A

marginal zone

48
Q

where do the radial arteries traverse

A

region of PALS

49
Q

sheathed capillaries are found surrounded by

A

macrophages

50
Q

where do sheathed capillaries occur

A

marginal zone

51
Q

what vessels can blood leave the endothelial lined surface of the spleen

A

sheathed capillaries

52
Q

what vessels must blood return from to reenter the endothelial lined space if its trying to exit the spleen

A

splenic sinus

53
Q

be able to look at trabeculae and know which vessels are trabecular artery vs vein

A

slide 382

54
Q

what vessel drains the spleen

A

slpenic vein

55
Q

spleen circulation of blood is open or closed?

A

open bc blood can escape vasculature and return to it

56
Q

what stain helps differentiate bn splenic cord and sinuses? what does it stain for?

A

silver stain –> for reticular fibers

*zebra stripes = sinus

57
Q

forms of RBC removal from spleen/

A

digested by macrophages

mechanical distrotion by reticular fibers of the splenic sinus

58
Q

what cells are found in PALS

A

T cells

59
Q

mediullary sinus is part of what circulation

A

lymphatic circulation

COT Final (5 decks)

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