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P1: GI > Immunological Functions of the Alimentary Tract > Flashcards

Immunological Functions of the Alimentary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A

→Prevents infection and avoids disease
→Non-specific
→No memory
→It prevents disease

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2
Q

What is the innate immune system mediated by?

A

→Mediated by : macrophages, epithelial barriers and secretions

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3
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do?

A

→Responds to infection and prevents disease
→Highly specific response to targeted microbe
→Memory

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4
Q

What is the adaptive immune system mediated by?

A

→Mediated by : lymphocytes and antibodies

Responds to infection

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5
Q

What structures are involved in the systemic immune system?

A 
→Bone marrow
→spleen
→thymus
→ lymph system
→ blood circulation
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6
Q

What structures are involved in the mucosal immune system?

A 
→ Mucous membranes
→ Eyes
→ nose
→ mouth
→ lungs
→ gut
→ genitourinary tract
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7
Q

What does the gut do to prevent colonization?

A

→In the gut the peristaltic waves are always moving material through the gut so the bacteria do not have a chance to colonize the bacteria.

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8
Q

What are the mucosal surfaces?

A 
→oral
→ nasal
→lacrimal surfaces
→gastrointestinal tract
→ bronchial tract
→genitourinary tract
→ mammary glands
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9
Q

What do innate mechanisms of protection do?

A 
→Mucin
→ peristalsis
→ antimicrobial peptides
→ proteins
e.g lysozyme, lactoferrin and phagocytes
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10
Q

What does the adaptive immune system include?

A

→Mucosal/secretory immune system

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11
Q

What must the adaptive immune system do?

A

→Must discriminate between harmful pathogens and harmless antigens - food and commensal bacteria

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12
Q

What does the immunological mucosal barrier produce?

A

→secretory IgA/IgM/IgG

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13
Q

What is the tooth-gum junction like and why?

A

→The junction where the tooth comes through the gum is leaky.
→The blood vessels are under high pressure and are pushing serum out.

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14
Q

What are the lymphoid tissues in the gut ?

A

→Intraepithelial lymphocytes
→Lymphocytes and macrophages are scattered in the lamina propria
→Peyer’s patches

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15
Q

What is the gut lined with and why?

A

→The gut is lined by columnar epithelial cells which are ciliated to move the mucus and the bacteria along.

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16
Q

What is under the epithelial cells?

A

→sub mucosal layers

17
Q

What is underneath the mucosal layers?

A

→Underneath this are the blood vessels and lymph nodes.

18
Q

What are the routes of entry of a pathogen into the blood?

A

→Any sort of breach of the epithelium
E.g. a stomach ulcer

→Some can squeeze across the epithelial junctions
Or they can join to our own cells (langerhan cell) which will carry the pathogen across

19
Q

What is a Peyer’s patch ?

A

→The lump will have a collection of WBCs underneath it

→It is the lymph node of the mucosal immune system

20
Q

What does a Peyer’s patch do?

A

→The peyer’s patches constantly sample what is in the gut

→It is looking for anything that should not be there

21
Q

What has to occur to generate an immune response?

A

In order to generate an immune response, the immunogen has to be taken up by a peyer’s patch otherwise you get nothing

22
Q

What is the arrangement of lymphocytes inside the M cell?

A

→ the lymphocytes push up inside the M cells

23
Q

Why is the lymphocyte arranged inside the M cell?

A

→The gap between the external surface of the gut and the first lymphocyte that it encounters is very very small

→So a pathogen just has to cross the first barrier and then it will come into contact with the immune system.

24
Q

What do the M cells target?

A

→Particles and macromolecules

→Viruses

→Parasites

→Bacteria

25
Q

What happens once the pathogen has entered a Peyer’s patch?

A

→ passed through to the first white blood cell

→Once the WBC encounters the pathogen, it migrates through the tissue and into the lymph drainage

→ Starts to develop in the first lymph node (mesenteric)

→They mature in the lymph node and move back into the blood

26
Q

What happens after the WBC matures in the lymph node?

A

→ goes back to the gut to provide antibodies

→ also goes everywhere in the mucosal immune system

27
Q

What are mucosal antibodies and where are they found?

A

→Predominantly Secretory IgA

→Found in all secretions and breast milk

28
Q

What provides passive immune protection in newborns?

A

→mucosal antibodies

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of IgG?

A

→Binding to key functional sites on microbes and toxins
→Agglutination
→Induce inflammation
→Recruit immune cells

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SIgA?

A 
→Binding to key functional sites on microbes and toxins
→Agglutination (much better)
→Immune exclusion
→Intra-cellular neutralisation
→Virus excretion
→Interactions with non-specific factors
→lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases
31
Q

Why is IgG undesirable in inflammatory diseases?

A

→ It produces more inflammation

32
Q

Why is mucosal immunity not given as a vaccine?

A

→ Good response but doesn’t last as long

33
Q

How are GM potatoes with vaccines made?

A

→The Hep B surface antigen gene is transferred from yeast into a plant cell
→Potato is used as a prototype
→Potato plants are regenerate from transformed cells
→Hepatitis vaccine is correctly expressed by potato plans
→GM potatoes are harvested that contain the hepatitis vaccine

34
Q

Why are mucosal antigens not given orally?

A

→If an antigen is first encountered through the mucosal immune system, the systemic immune system may become unresponsive (tolerised) to that antigen.

35
Q

What can orally delivered antigens do?

A

→suppress systemic immunity

36
Q

What are the practical considerations of oral tolerance?

A

→Tolerance to dietary foods, breakdown to food allergy.
→Oral vaccination and safety
→Treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases-

37
Q

How do sIgA dimerised?

A

→by joining component so that it recognises 4 antigens

38
Q

Give examples of pathogens taken up by m-cells

A

cholera toxin, latex particles, horseradish peroxidase, ferritin.
→poliovirus, HIV
→Cryptosporidium
→Cholera, salmonella, Campylobacter Yersinia, Shigella, E. coli

39
Q

Describe the sources of serum, saliva, and local antibodies in the oral cavity

A 
→lymphoid tissue
→peripheral blood
→gingival focus of leucocytes
→salivary gland
→crevicular fluid

P1: GI (15 decks)

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