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P1: GI > Development of GI Tract > Flashcards

Development of GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

When is folic acid needed?

A

→ In the first trimester

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2
Q

What is folic acid used for?

A

→helps with the fusion and the closure of the spinal cord.

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3
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

→when the spinal cord herniates out of the back.

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4
Q

When are the primary germ layers formed?

A

→ During the process of gastrulation

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5
Q

What happens at the beginning of the third week?

A

→embryo has implanted into the uterine wall

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6
Q

What is the structure of the embryo at 3 weeks?

A

→The embryo is a flat disc comprised of two cell layers
→Epiblast
→Hypoblast

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7
Q

What do the epiblast cells in the midline of the embryo start to do?

A

→ Begin to ingress starting from the caudal end

→Visible as the primitive streak

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8
Q

What do ingressing cells differentiate into and what do they surround?

A

→differentiate into Mesoderm

→Surrounding muscles, connective tissue, mesentery and blood vessels

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9
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to?

A

→Ectoderm

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10
Q

What does gastrulation give rise to?

A

→three primary germ layers
→ Ectoderm
→ mesoderm
→endoderm

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11
Q

How is the gut tube formed?

A

→by folding of sheets of cells in two directions

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12
Q

What are the two ways in which the gut tube folds?

A

→Folding towards the midline along the cranial-caudal axis

→Folding towards the yolk sac at the cranial and caudal ends

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13
Q

What does the buccopharyngeal membrane form?

A

→ mouth and throat

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14
Q

What does the cloacal membrane form?

A

→ urogenital tract

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15
Q

What is the septum tranversum?

A

→ area where the diaphragm is

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16
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm form?

A

→ The muscles

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17
Q

What does the Splanchnic mesoderm form?

A

→ autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

What is the mesentery and what does it do?

A

→ a folded membrane that anchors the GI tract to the posterior abdominal wall.
→It prevents the organs falling due to gravity.

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19
Q

What is the primary gut tube made up of?

A

→sheet of endoderm, which makes the epithelia and glands

→surrounding mesoderm, which makes muscle and connective tissue (including mesentery)

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20
Q

How is part of the yolk sac cavity enclosed?

A

→Part of the yolk sac cavity is enclosed within the embryo by pinching-off the yolk sac to form a yolk stalk and balloon-like yolk sac.

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21
Q

What makes up the foregut?

A 
→Pharynx
→Oesophagus
→Stomach
→Cranial half of duodenum
→Ampulla of Vater (joining of bile ducts and pancreatic duct)
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22
Q

What makes up the midgut?

A 
→Caudal duodenum
→Jejunum
→Ileum
→Caecum
→Appendix
→Ascending colon
→Proximal ⅔ of transverse colon
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23
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A

→Distal ⅓ of transverse colon
→Descending colon
→Rectum

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24
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

→ Celiac artery

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25
What artery supplies the midgut?
→ Superior mesenteric artery L1-L2
26
What artery supplies the hindgut?
→ Inferior mesenteric artery | L3
27
What is the gut surrounded by?
→plexus of blood vessels joining vitelline (relating to or associated with the yolk of an egg) vessels to aorta
28
What does the plexus resolve to form?
→Plexus resolves to form the arteries that supply the GI tract from the aorta
29
How many arterial branches are there to the thoracic oesophagus?
→5
30
What innervates the foregut?
→ celiac ganglion
31
What innervates the midgut?
→ superior mesenteric ganglion
32
What innervates the hindgut?
→ inferior mesenteric ganglion
33
How does the stomach arise?
→ expansion | →rotation
34
What is the stomach initially?
→concave ventral | →convex dorsal
35
What happens at week 4?
→at the level where the stomach will form the tube begins to dilate, forming an enlarged lumen
36
What establishes the curvature of the stomach?
→90o turn about craniocaudal axis | →The dorsal border grows more rapidly than ventral, which establishes the greater curvature of the stomach
37
How is the dorsal wall of the stomach attached?
→Attached to body by mesentery | →The dorsal mesogastrium (will form greater omentum)
38
How is the ventral wall of the stomach attached?
→attached by ventral mesentery, which includes the liver (will form lesser omentum)
39
What is the longest nerve in the body?
→ Sciatic nerve
40
What does the sciatic nerve follow?
→ Most of the oeosophagus
41
What is the peritoneum for?
→ Membrane designed to protect organs
42
What are the two types of peritoneum?
→Parietal and visceral peritoneum
43
What does the falciform ligament do?
→falciform ligament keeps the liver in place | →attaches to anterior wall
44
What does the omentum do?
→Omentum protects the bowel from getting inflamed
45
What happens as the stomach rotates?
→ The dorsal mesogastrium is drawn with it
46
What does the mesogastrium enclose?
→ a space → the omental bursa →Protective layer containing WBC and combat infections
47
What does the folded mesogastrium do?
→ Grows to form the greater omentum | →The folds fuse and obliterate the bursa
48
What are retroperitoneal structures?
oesophagus → rectum → kidney
49
Where does the greater omentum extend from?
→ Greater curvature
50
Where does the lesser omentum come from?
→ Lesser curvature
51
What is the epiploic foramen?
→ passage between the greater and lesser sac | → allows communication
52
What is gastric outlet obstruction caused by?
→ Smooth muscle hypertrophy
53
What happens with pyloric stenosis?
→Projectile vomiting shortly after feeding | →Pyloric channel elongation ‘railroad track’
54
What does the pylorus do?
→ Controls what can enter the duodenum
55
What are the dimensions in pyloric stenosis?
→L > 16mm →Wall > 4mm →Diameter > 14mm
56
What is the inducing signal for the liver?
→heart to ventral gut endoderm
57
Where does the hepatic diverticulum grow?
→grows into mesenchyme of septum transversum
58
What parts of the liver proliferate?
→ Chords of hepatic endoderm → Bile drainage ducts → Blood vessels: arranged as sinusoids
59
How does the liver expand?
→ Liver exceeds size of septum transversum and expands into ventral mesentery.
60
What does the remaining ventral mesentery give rise to?
→Falciform ligament between liver and body wall | →Lesser omentum between liver and stomach
61
What are the two pancreatic buds and what are they induced by?
→Dorsal from duodenal endoderm (induced by notochord) | →Ventral from hepatic diverticulum (induced by hepatic mesoderm)
62
What happens as the duodenum rotates in pancreatic development?
→ventral and dorsal buds meet and fuse →Ventral swing around and fuse with ventral to form two ducts
63
How does annular pancreas occur?
→develops from bi-lobed ventral buds that migrate in opposite directions.
64
What can an annular pancreas do?
→Annular pancreas can constrict the duodenum
65
How are the intestines attached?
→Attached throughout length by dorsal mesentery
66
What leads to the folding of the gut?
→Mesentery and gut grow at different rates, leading to folding of the gut
67
What branch of the aorta supplies the midgut?
→Ventral branch of the aorta supplies the midgut : superior mesenteric artery
68
What do the intestines rotate around?
→With a rapid increase in length the intestines rotate around the SMA
69
Why do the intestines herniate?
→Abdomen is too small to accommodate so it herniates into the umbilical stalk at 6-7 weeks
70
When do the intestines return?
→By 10 weeks the abdomen is bigger and the intestines | return.
71
What is umbilical hernia?
→Intestines return normally but rectus abdominis fails to fuse around umbilicus : gut covered in skin
72
What is omphalocele?
→Failure of intestinal loops to return into abdomen (associated with obesity, alcohol/tobacco or SSRI)
73
What is gastroschisis?
→Failure of ventral body wall to fuse : no covering
74
What is the persistence of the yolk duct?
→Most common intestinal abnormality | →Yolk duct attached to ileum near ileocecal junction - apex of midgut loop
75
What can Meckel's diverticulum cause?
→Gut rotation causes volvulus | →Can form umbilical fistula
76
What can Meckel's diverticulum contain and what does this cause?
→ ectopic gastric cells : ulceration and lower GI bleeding
77
What is Hirschsprung's disease?
``` →Aganglionic megacolon (no ganglia) →Primarily affects the hindgut →Absence of parasympathetic ganglia →Caused by lack of neural crest cells →Ganglia present in dilated/hypertrophic region →Aganglionic segment shows contraction ```
78
What does Hirschsprung's disease cause?
→Dilatation of sections of the colon, with lack of tone and peristalsis, leading to profound constipation
79
What is the cloacal membrane?
→ Transient common end of the digestive and urogenital systems including the base of the allantois (urogenital sinus)
80
What is the cloaca covered by?
→Covered by cloacal (proctodeal) membrane over ectoderm depression
81
What is the cloaca split by and what does this give rise to?
→Split by the urorectal septum | →This gives rise to the urogenital membrane and anal membrane (perforate at 7-8 weeks)
82
What can imperforate anus be?
→Persistence of anal membrane | →Atresia of anal canal, rectum or both
83
Abnormalities of interstitial development...
``` →ulcer and ileal diverticulum →fibrous cord →umbilicoileal fistula- opening of the umbilicus allowing faecal matter into the embryo →vitelline cysts →volvulus of diverticulum →fibrous cord ```

P1: GI (15 decks)

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