Immunologi + Blod Flashcards
Procentsatser plasma og formed elements
Plasma: 55 %
- 7% protein
- 91% vand
- 2% other solutes
Formed elements: 45%
5 mio RBC
10K WBC
300K platelets
Plasma constituents
7% protein
- 58% albumin
- 4% fibrinogen
- 36% globulin
- Coagulation factors
- Carrier proteins.
2% other solutes
-Gasses, hormones, ions, nutrients
Albumin
Transporterer fatty acids, stoffer.
Holder colloid osmotiske tryk og fluid distribution. Dannet i leveren (NaCl også osmotisk)
Ødem kan skyldes protein ud via nyren eller mindre produktion i leveren
Hvad er serum?
Blood uden koagulationsfaktorer og fibrinogen.
Blod samlet,
Proteiner med carrier function?
Albumin, transthyretin (T3 & T4), beta-lipoprotein (LDL)
Tal af hvide blodceller
60% neutrophile, 25% lymphocyter, resten er fordelt.
Første blodstamceller
LT-HSC -> ST-HSC -> CLP | CMP
Longterm hematopoietic stem cell, short term, common lymphoid precuroser, com. myeloid prec
Faktorer stamceller
CSF, IL-3, IL-5, EPO (RBC, need of RBC.)
Proteins of RBC?
Hb: 4 heme groups, 4 iron atoms, 4 O2.
BPG -> stab iltfri Hb.
GSH -> GSSG (ved oxidation) beskytter mod oxidat.
Transporterer CO2:
Carbonic anhydrase I og II. Cl-HCO3 exchanger. Aquaporin
Granulocytter:
Neutro: Phagocytosis
Eosinophils: Parasites, allergy
Basophiles: Histamin (allergy)
Mast cells: Like basophiles…
Primær hemostasis
vWF + collagen -> platelet adherence + activation
Platelets:
- Translocation af negative phospholipier til overfladen
- Granules med clotting factors
- Fibrinogen bindes mellem platelets
Sekundær hemostasis
TF -> coagulation cascade -> blood clot
Anti-thrombus:
t-PA (fibrinolyse) Thrombomodulin Dilution Neg. charged surfaces -Fibrinolytic cascade
Fibrinolytic cascade?
tPA -> plasmin, plasmin nedryder fibrin. plasmin inhibieres af antiplasmin.
Plasminogen activator inhibtor inhiberer tPA.
Anti-coagulerende molekyler
TF pathway inhibitor: Inhiberer TF/VII komplekser
Heparin-like -> antithrombin | thrombin.
Thrombomodulin: Binder thrombin.
Protein C + S inaktiverer V og VIII
Koagulationskaskader:
Lab, intrinsic: Neg -> XII -> XI -> IX -> X
Lab, ext: TF -> VII -> X
In vivo. TF -> VII -> IX -> X
X-> thrombin -> fibrin.
LInes of defense
First line: Mechanical barriers
Second line: Chemmical, NK, inflammation, phag
Third line: Cellular and humoral
Ways natural killer cellls kill
Granulles containg perforins and granzymes
Fasligand (caspase -> apoptosis)
Complement cascade
Classical pathway: Antibody
Alternative pathway: PAMPS
Lectin: Mannose binding lectin.
All deposit C3b and release C3a. C3b -> phagocytosis
C3a: Inflammation - recruitment of leukocytes
MAC: Lysis of microbe
Receptorer til genkendelse:
TLR (ex.c, PAMPS) -> NFkB -> sweet 16 TLR (endosom, ingested DNA) NOD-like: cytosolic, peptidoglycaner, -> inflammasome -> IL1 production Lectin (mannose binding) RIG-like: Viral RNA Receptor binding Fc part of ab
Immigration over endothelet
P og E selektin på endothel til sialy-Lewis-X-mod
Integrin -> ICAM
Pecam til at gå på tværs. Udskille TNF, IL1 til rekruttering.
Chemotaxis
Chemoattractant -> G-prot -> actin polymerisering
Arachnodic acid
Prostsacyclin, PGD -> vasodilation
TCR
To variable regioner alpha og beta. Støttet af CD4 eller CD8.
Gamma-delta for other small molecules.
NK cells
Ligand til dræbning, eller hvis der mangler MHC I.
MHC I er inhibitor.
Forskel MHC I og II
MHC I: Heterodimer, mest alpha kæde
II: Heterodimer symmetrisk.
Colony stimulating factor
Flere leukocytter
Inhibering af complement
DAF | C3.
CD59 | MAC.
