Immunologi + Blod

Question 1

Procentsatser plasma og formed elements

Answer 1

Plasma: 55 %

• 7% protein
• 91% vand
• 2% other solutes

Formed elements: 45%
5 mio RBC
10K WBC
300K platelets

Question 2

Plasma constituents

Answer 2

7% protein

• 58% albumin
• 4% fibrinogen
• 36% globulin
• Coagulation factors
• Carrier proteins.

2% other solutes
-Gasses, hormones, ions, nutrients

Question 3

Albumin

Answer 3

Transporterer fatty acids, stoffer.

Holder colloid osmotiske tryk og fluid distribution. Dannet i leveren (NaCl også osmotisk)

Ødem kan skyldes protein ud via nyren eller mindre produktion i leveren

Question 4

Hvad er serum?

Answer 4

Blood uden koagulationsfaktorer og fibrinogen.

Blod samlet,

Question 5

Proteiner med carrier function?

Answer 5

Albumin, transthyretin (T3 & T4), beta-lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 6

Tal af hvide blodceller

Answer 6

60% neutrophile, 25% lymphocyter, resten er fordelt.

Question 7

Første blodstamceller

Answer 7

LT-HSC -> ST-HSC -> CLP | CMP

Longterm hematopoietic stem cell, short term, common lymphoid precuroser, com. myeloid prec

Question 8

Faktorer stamceller

Answer 8

CSF, IL-3, IL-5, EPO (RBC, need of RBC.)

Question 9

Proteins of RBC?

Answer 9

Hb: 4 heme groups, 4 iron atoms, 4 O2.
BPG -> stab iltfri Hb.
GSH -> GSSG (ved oxidation) beskytter mod oxidat.

Transporterer CO2:
Carbonic anhydrase I og II. Cl-HCO3 exchanger. Aquaporin

Question 10

Granulocytter:

Answer 10

Neutro: Phagocytosis
Eosinophils: Parasites, allergy
Basophiles: Histamin (allergy)
Mast cells: Like basophiles…

Question 11

Primær hemostasis

Answer 11

vWF + collagen -> platelet adherence + activation

Platelets:

• Translocation af negative phospholipier til overfladen
• Granules med clotting factors
• Fibrinogen bindes mellem platelets

Question 12

Sekundær hemostasis

Answer 12

TF -> coagulation cascade -> blood clot

Question 13

Anti-thrombus:

Answer 13

t-PA (fibrinolyse)
Thrombomodulin
Dilution
Neg. charged surfaces 
-Fibrinolytic cascade

Question 14

Fibrinolytic cascade?

Answer 14

tPA -> plasmin, plasmin nedryder fibrin. plasmin inhibieres af antiplasmin.
Plasminogen activator inhibtor inhiberer tPA.

Question 15

Anti-coagulerende molekyler

Answer 15

TF pathway inhibitor: Inhiberer TF/VII komplekser
Heparin-like -> antithrombin | thrombin.
Thrombomodulin: Binder thrombin.

Protein C + S inaktiverer V og VIII

Question 16

Koagulationskaskader:

Answer 16

Lab, intrinsic: Neg -> XII -> XI -> IX -> X
Lab, ext: TF -> VII -> X
In vivo. TF -> VII -> IX -> X

X-> thrombin -> fibrin.

Question 17

LInes of defense

Answer 17

First line: Mechanical barriers
Second line: Chemmical, NK, inflammation, phag
Third line: Cellular and humoral

Question 18

Ways natural killer cellls kill

Answer 18

Granulles containg perforins and granzymes

Fasligand (caspase -> apoptosis)

Question 19

Complement cascade

Answer 19

Classical pathway: Antibody
Alternative pathway: PAMPS
Lectin: Mannose binding lectin.

All deposit C3b and release C3a. C3b -> phagocytosis
C3a: Inflammation - recruitment of leukocytes
MAC: Lysis of microbe

Question 20

Receptorer til genkendelse:

Answer 20

TLR (ex.c, PAMPS) -> NFkB -> sweet 16
TLR (endosom, ingested DNA)
NOD-like: cytosolic, peptidoglycaner, -> inflammasome -> IL1 production
Lectin (mannose binding)
RIG-like: Viral RNA
Receptor binding Fc part of ab

Question 21

Immigration over endothelet

Answer 21

P og E selektin på endothel til sialy-Lewis-X-mod

Integrin -> ICAM

Pecam til at gå på tværs. Udskille TNF, IL1 til rekruttering.

Question 22

Chemotaxis

Answer 22

Chemoattractant -> G-prot -> actin polymerisering

Question 23

Arachnodic acid

Answer 23

Prostsacyclin, PGD -> vasodilation

Question 24

TCR

Answer 24

To variable regioner alpha og beta. Støttet af CD4 eller CD8.

Gamma-delta for other small molecules.

Question 25

NK cells

Answer 25

Ligand til dræbning, eller hvis der mangler MHC I.

MHC I er inhibitor.

Question 26

Forskel MHC I og II

Answer 26

MHC I: Heterodimer, mest alpha kæde

II: Heterodimer symmetrisk.

Question 27

Colony stimulating factor

Answer 27

Flere leukocytter

Question 28

Inhibering af complement

Answer 28

DAF | C3.

CD59 | MAC.