Immunohema Module 1 Flashcards
The term blood banking is being
replaced by the term
transfusion
medicine
Considered as the first victim of
blood transfusion
Pope Innocent VII
Discovered the ABO blood group in 1901
Karl Landsteiner
Carried out vein to vein transfusion using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein
Edward E. Lindemann
His apparatus enabled transfusions to be more practical
Unger
Pioneer of the Modern Blood Bank; Developed techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation during the WWII
Dr. Charles Drew
he devised human to human transfusion
James Blundell
First animal to animal transfusion successful in dogs
Richard Lower
animal to human transfusion
Jean Baptiste Denis
Frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood soon resulted in new problems
circulatory overload
What are the (possible) abnormalities where RBCs pass through the small sinusoidal orifices of spleen?
spherocytes and bite cells
RBCs must remain ____, ____, and ____.
Deformable, Flexible, and Permeable.
Loss of deformability can result in:
- Loss of ATP levels
- Accumulation of membrane calcium
Any abnormality that increases permeability would ______.
decrease RBC survival
RBC are impermeable to cations:
Na and K
These can transverse the membrane in <1 second.
Chloride and Bicarbonate
The erythrocyte intra to extracellular ratio for Na and K are:
1:12 and 25:1
How many cationic pumps transport Na out of cell and K into cell requiring ATP?
300 cationic pump
a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, controls ATPase pumps to prevent excessive intracellular calcium buildup.
Calmodium
True or False:
The RBC’s metabolic pathways that produce ATP are mainly ANAEROBIC, because the function of the RBC is to deliver oxygen, not to consume it.
True
Also known as Embden-Meyerhof Pathway; Produces 90% of energy.
Anaerobic Glycolitic Pathway
Produces 10% of the energy
Produces glutathione (anti-oxidant)
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Maintains iron in its reduced state
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
Responsible for 2,3-DPG production
Luebering Rapaport Pathway
Shift to the right of Hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve
Increase DPG,
decrease in Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen molecule,
increase O2 delivery to tissues
Shift to left in hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve
- increase O2 affinity
- decrease O2 delivery to tissues
- RBC less efficient
Storage time for Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1)
35 days
The only chemical present in CPDA-1
Adenine
Which chemical has this function:
Production of ATP which extends shelf life from 21 days to 35 days
Adenine
What three chemical are present in all anticoagulant?
citrate, monobasic sodium phosphate, dextrose
refers to traits that are not carried on the sex chromosomes.
Autosomal
is carried by either parent or both parents but is not generally seen at the phenotypic level unless both parents carry the trait.
Recessive
the trait is expressed only when an individual is homozygous for the allele and inherited the recessive allele from both parents
Autosomal-recessive inheritance
If the father carries the trait on his X chromosome, he has no sons with the trait, but all his daughters will have the trait.
X-linked dominant inheritance
The ____ blood group system is one of the few blood group systems that
follow an X-linked inheritance pattern.
Xga
The father always expresses the trait but never passes it on to his sons.
X-linked recessive inheritance
Examples of X-linked recessive inheritance
Hemophilia A and XK gene
Clinical applications for alloimmunized patients or patients with multiple antibodies
DNA testing
They have trouble obtaining compatible donor units. They are often sensitized to many antigens and have a rapid turnover of RBCs,
requiring frequent transfusion
Patients with AIHA
