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3 Immunology > Immunoglobulins > Flashcards

Immunoglobulins Flashcards

1
Q

what is another word immunoglobulin

A

antibody

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2
Q

immunoglobulins are present where? 4

A

plasma, tissues, secretions and lymphatics

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2
Q

immunoglobulins are a product of which immune system?

A

humoral

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2
Q

immunoglobulins are secreted by what?

A

plasma cells - activated B cells

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2
Q

what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

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3
Q

annotate this diagram of immunoglobulin structure with the following regions
- variable region
- constant region
- heavy chain
- light chain
-Fab
- Fc
- Hinge
- disulphide bonds

A
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4
Q

antibodies have dual function, what are the functions?

A

recognition function - Fab region binding to antigen

effector function - clearing mechanism - Fc region interacting with effector molecules

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5
Q

what are the two types of light chain that are used in all antibody classes?

A

lambda
kappa

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6
Q

in any individual antibody molecule, both light chains are?

A

the same

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7
Q

light chains fold up into 2 globular domains termed what?

A

VL - variable light domain
CL - constant light domain

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8
Q

what determines the class of antibody?

A

heavy chain

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9
Q

in IgG what is the type of heavy chain?

A

γ gamma

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10
Q

in IgA what is the type of heavy chain?

A

α alpha

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11
Q

in IgM what is the type of heavy chain?

A

μ mu

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12
Q

in IgD what is the type of heavy chain?

A

δ delta

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13
Q

in IgE what is the type of heavy chain?

A

ε epsilon

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14
Q

heavy chains fold up into 4 (or 5) globular domains, what are they starting from N terminus?

A

VH - variable heavy
CH1 - constant heavy 1
CH2
CH3
(CH4)

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15
Q

annotate this image with the domains

A
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16
Q

what holds the domains together in an immunoglobulin?

A

non-covalent interactions between: VL-VH, CL-CH1, CH3-CH3

oligosaccharides between CH2-CH2 (less closely linked)

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17
Q

in the VL and VH domain there are 3 parts in the amino acid sequence that determine the what antigen a specific antibody will bind to what are these areas called?

A

hypervariable loops 1,2, and 3
or
complementary determining regions CDR1,2, and 3

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18
Q

when the VH and VL domains are paired their 6 CDRs create what?

A

the antigen binding site

19
Q

what does epitope mean?

A

actual structural part of the antigen that is recognised

20
Q

what is the most abundant immunoglobulin in plasma?

A

IgG

21
Q

what is the structure of IgG?
Shape, number of HC and LC and subclasses

A

Y shaped
2HC and 2LC
4 subclasses IgG1,2,3 and 4

22
Q

IgG is very efficient at triggering ? and ? via ?

A

complement
phagocytosis
Fc receptors

23
Q

what is the only Ig class to pass the placenta from mother to foetus? why is this important?

A

IgG
protects baby in the first months of life because there is a lag where the baby cant make its own IgG

24
Q

IgG is the predominant antibody of the primary or secondary immune response?

A

secondary

25
Q

IgM is found where?

A

only in plasma and secretions, its too large to enter tissues

26
Q

what is the structure of IgM?

A

5 Y shaped units
joined by a joining chain (J chain- extra polypeptide) and disulphide bridges
heavy chain has 5 globular domains

27
Q

how does the structure of IgM relate to its function?

A

10 binding sites mean that it is very good at linking onto numerous particles and clumping viruses together - agglutination

28
Q

IgM is very efficient at activating what?

A

complement

29
Q

IgM is the predominant antibody of the primary or secondary immune response?

A

primary

30
Q

Human IgA is the major antibody in what?

A

seromucous secretions e.g. saliva, milk, colostrum, gut, tracheobronchial system and genito-urinary system

31
Q

what is the class of antibody first encountered by many invading bacteria and viruses

A

Human IgA

32
Q

what are the subclasses of IgA in humans?

A

IgA1 and IgA2

33
Q

serum IgA is predominantly in monomeric or dimeric form?

A

monomeric 90% IgA1 10% IgA2

34
Q

secretory IgA is predominantly monomeric or dimeric?

A

dimeric 40% IgA1 60% IgA2

35
Q

in secretory IgA which is predominantly dimeric there is an additional polypeptide. what is it called and what does it do?

A

secretory component
helps protect the secretory IgA in the harsh environment of secretions e.g. extreme pH or proteolytic enzymes.

36
Q

recognise this

A
37
Q

recognise this

A
38
Q

what is the structure of IgE

A

y shaped
5 globular domains in each heavy chain
lots of N linked oligosaccharides (sugars)

39
Q

what does IgE do?

A

interacts with Fc receptor FcεR1 -> expressed on mast cells and basophils and is associated with the allergic response (due to high affinity)

important in protection against parasitic infections

40
Q

where is IgD mostly found?

A

on the surface of lymphocytes

41
Q

what is the function of IgD?

A

unclear - thought to be involved in the control of antibody response

42
Q

what are the key effector molecules that immunoglobulins interact with?

A

Fc receptors
complement

43
Q

what are Fc receptors?

A

receptors that bind specifically to the Fc region of immunoglobulins

44
Q

what are the Fc receptors that are specific to IgG Fc region?

A

FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII

45
Q

what are the Fc receptors that are specific to IgA Fc region?

A

FcαR

46
Q

what are the Fc receptors that are specific to IgE Fc region?

A

FcεRI , FcεII

47
Q

what happens when an Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin

A

invading pathogen has many antibodies that bind to it resulting in multiple Fc receptors being engaged at the same time.
- phagocytosis
- release of activated oxygen species and enzymes
- release of inflammatory mediators e.g. histamine
- enhanced antigen presentation
- clearance of immune complexes

48
Q

release of the inflammatory mediator histamine is triggered by what receptor? what releases it?

A

FcεRI
released from mast cells and basophils

49
Q
A

3 Immunology (8 decks)

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