Cells of the immune system Flashcards
cells of the immune system circulate in the ?
bloodstream
cells of the immune system migrate into ? to detect foreign antigens
tissues
cells of the immune system accumulate in specialised ? where they ? and ?
organs
develop
differentiate
what is another name for a white blood cell?
leucocyte
white blood cells differentiate from what type of cell? where is it found?
haematopoietic stem cell
found in bone marrow
platelets are formed from which type of cell?
megakaryocyte
name 3 antigen presenting cells
macrophage
interdigitating cell
dendritic cell
what are the two lineages of lymphocyte differentiation?
lymphoid lineage
myeloid lineage
the lymphoid lineage gives rise to what type of cell?
lymphocytes
what is the role of lymphocytes?
recognition and effector functions
the myeloid lineage gives rise to what type of cells?
granulocytes
monocytes
name 3 granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils (mast cells)
role of granulocytes?
effector function
life span of granulocytes?
short lived
role of monocytes?
recognition and effector functions
remove particulate matter
the majority of circulating granulocytes are ?
neutrophils
name this cell
neutrophil
describe the nucleus of neutrophils
multi-lobed nucleus
what are the roles of neutrophils? 3
phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens
diapedesis
what is diapedesis?
ability to adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues
neutrophils have granules? T/F
true
what do granules contain?
lysozymes and secondary granules
name this cell
eosinophil
describe the nucleus of eosinophils
bilobed
eosinophils have granules? T/F
true
the granules stain with eosin
the crystalloid core of granules contains? 3
major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
what is the role of eosinophils?
release granules upon activation resulting in the killing of large pathogens that can not be phagocytosed
name this cell
basophil
mast cells share ? with basophils but are only found in ?
characteristics
tissues
basophils and mast cells are triggered by ? to release the contents of their ? causing an ? ?
allergens
granules
allergic response
describe the nucleus of basophils
segmented nucleus
do basophils have granules?
yes large cytoplasmic granules
mast cells cytoplasm is packed full of ? which contain ? and other ? ?
granules
histamine
inflammatory mediators
name this cell
monocyte
describe the nucleus of a monocyte
horse shoe-shaped nucleus
the cytoplasm of a monocyte contains? 2
pinocytic vesicles
Lysosomal granules (not to be confused with cytoplasmic granules)
lysosomes are important for ?
killing phagocytosed microorganisms
Lysosomes contain ? 2
peroxidase
acid hydrolase
macrophages are derived from? 2
haemopoietic stem cells
monocytes taken from circulation into tissues where they differentiate if an empty niche is available
what is the function of macrophages?
disposal of microbes and dead body cells through phagocytosis
in the liver monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
kupffer cells
in the spleen monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
red pulp macrophages
in the lungs monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
alveolar macrophages
in the brain monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
microglial cells
in the bone monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
osteoclasts
in the peritoneal cavity monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?
peritoneal macrophages
function of platelets
blood clotting and inflammation
function of antigen presenting cells
present antigen to T cell
function of mast cell
release granules causing a allergic response
function of endothelial cells
receptors recognise certain lymphocytes - control lymphocyte traffic and distribution
antigen presenting cells ? material and release ? which stimulate ? , ? , ? and ?
phagocytose
cytokines
phagocytes
B cells
Natural Killer cells
T cells
name 4 antigen presenting cells
monocyte
macrophage
interdigitating cells
dendritic cells
many tissues contain phagocytic cells derived from ?
monocytes
roles of phagocytic cells 4
phagocytosis
concentration of antigen
processing/presenting antigen to T cells
secretion growth factors, cytokines
cooperation between B cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells requires ? 2
cell-to-cell contact
secretion of cytokines
lymphocytes play a role in innate or adaptive immunity?
adaptive immunity
lymphocytes play a role in cellular or humoural adaptive immunity?
both
lymphocytes circulate all round the body, they are found in what? 3
blood
lymph
specialist tissue
some lymphocytes are very long lived, these are called ?
memory cells - important in the memory aspect of adaptive immunity
removal of lymphocytes results in the inability to what? 2 things
inability to produce antibody
inability to carry out cellular immunity
describe the nucleus, volume, cytoplasm and organelles of a lymphocyte in general?
small volume
large nucleus
little cytoplasm
few organelles
what are the primary lymphoid organs?
thymus
bone marrow
what are the secondary lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes
spleen
MALT - mucosal associated lymphoid tissue e.g. tonsils
secondary lymphoid organ - lymph nodes react to antigens from where?
in lymph, entering via skin or mucosal surface
secondary lymphoid organ - spleen reacts to antigens from where?
blood-borne antigens
lymphocytes arise in the ? from a ? cell
bone marrow
pluripotent stem cell
the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lymphocytes is controlled by ?
growth factors
further differentiation of lymphocytes occurs where?
in primary lymphoid organs
from the common lymphoid precursor 25% of the stem cells become ? in ?
B cells
bone marrow
from the common lymphoid precursor 60% of the stem cells become ? in ?
T cells
thymus
from the common lymphoid precursor 15% of the stem cells become ?
non-B, non-C lymphocytes = NK cells or large granular lymphocytes
what are used as cell markers to study cell surfaces?
monoclonal antibodies
what is the name of the system which is a way to give marker molecules that are present on the surface of specific cells a name?
cluster of differentiation system
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of helper T cells?
CD3
CD4
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cell?
CD3
CD8
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of B cells?
CD19
CD20
what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of NK cells?
CD16
each lymphocyte is specific for only one ?? as it has a specific antigen receptor on surface
antigenic determinant
lymphocyte education occurs in where?
primary lymphoid organs
lymphocyte education enables the lymphocyte to ?
distinguish between self and non-self
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes don’t function unless ?
activated
what causes the activation of lymphocytes?
binding of antigen by antigen receptor
what happens to B cells once activated?
differentiates into plasma cell to produce lots of immunoglobulin
lots of rER
what happens to T cells when activated
differentiate into cytotoxic T cell with granules containing proteins for killing
no rER
differentiate into helper T cells to produce growth factors or lymphokines
the binding of antigen to lymphocyte antigen receptor causes ? which produces ? and ? for a more rapid and effective response
clonal expansion
activated cells
memory cells
