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3 Immunology > Cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

cells of the immune system circulate in the ?

A

bloodstream

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2
Q

cells of the immune system migrate into ? to detect foreign antigens

A

tissues

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3
Q

cells of the immune system accumulate in specialised ? where they ? and ?

A

organs
develop
differentiate

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4
Q

what is another name for a white blood cell?

A

leucocyte

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5
Q

white blood cells differentiate from what type of cell? where is it found?

A

haematopoietic stem cell
found in bone marrow

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6
Q

platelets are formed from which type of cell?

A

megakaryocyte

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7
Q

name 3 antigen presenting cells

A

macrophage
interdigitating cell
dendritic cell

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8
Q

what are the two lineages of lymphocyte differentiation?

A

lymphoid lineage
myeloid lineage

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9
Q

the lymphoid lineage gives rise to what type of cell?

A

lymphocytes

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10
Q

what is the role of lymphocytes?

A

recognition and effector functions

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11
Q

the myeloid lineage gives rise to what type of cells?

A

granulocytes
monocytes

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12
Q

name 3 granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils (mast cells)

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13
Q

role of granulocytes?

A

effector function

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14
Q

life span of granulocytes?

A

short lived

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15
Q

role of monocytes?

A

recognition and effector functions
remove particulate matter

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16
Q

the majority of circulating granulocytes are ?

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

name this cell

A

neutrophil

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18
Q

describe the nucleus of neutrophils

A

multi-lobed nucleus

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19
Q

what are the roles of neutrophils? 3

A

phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens
diapedesis

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20
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

ability to adhere to endothelial cells lining blood vessels and squeeze between them to leave circulation and enter tissues

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21
Q

neutrophils have granules? T/F

A

true

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22
Q

what do granules contain?

A

lysozymes and secondary granules

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23
Q

name this cell

A

eosinophil

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24
Q

describe the nucleus of eosinophils

A

bilobed

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25
Q

eosinophils have granules? T/F

A

true
the granules stain with eosin

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26
Q

the crystalloid core of granules contains? 3

A

major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
eosinophil-derived neurotoxin

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27
Q

what is the role of eosinophils?

A

release granules upon activation resulting in the killing of large pathogens that can not be phagocytosed

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28
Q

name this cell

A

basophil

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29
Q

mast cells share ? with basophils but are only found in ?

A

characteristics
tissues

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30
Q

basophils and mast cells are triggered by ? to release the contents of their ? causing an ? ?

A

allergens
granules
allergic response

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31
Q

describe the nucleus of basophils

A

segmented nucleus

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32
Q

do basophils have granules?

A

yes large cytoplasmic granules

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33
Q

mast cells cytoplasm is packed full of ? which contain ? and other ? ?

A

granules
histamine
inflammatory mediators

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34
Q

name this cell

A

monocyte

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35
Q

describe the nucleus of a monocyte

A

horse shoe-shaped nucleus

36
Q

the cytoplasm of a monocyte contains? 2

A

pinocytic vesicles
Lysosomal granules (not to be confused with cytoplasmic granules)

37
Q

lysosomes are important for ?

A

killing phagocytosed microorganisms

38
Q

Lysosomes contain ? 2

A

peroxidase
acid hydrolase

39
Q

macrophages are derived from? 2

A

haemopoietic stem cells
monocytes taken from circulation into tissues where they differentiate if an empty niche is available

40
Q

what is the function of macrophages?

A

disposal of microbes and dead body cells through phagocytosis

41
Q

in the liver monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

kupffer cells

42
Q

in the spleen monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

red pulp macrophages

43
Q

in the lungs monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

alveolar macrophages

44
Q

in the brain monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

microglial cells

45
Q

in the bone monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

osteoclasts

46
Q

in the peritoneal cavity monocytes differentiate into what tissue macrophage?

A

peritoneal macrophages

47
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting and inflammation

48
Q

function of antigen presenting cells

A

present antigen to T cell

49
Q

function of mast cell

A

release granules causing a allergic response

50
Q

function of endothelial cells

A

receptors recognise certain lymphocytes - control lymphocyte traffic and distribution

51
Q

antigen presenting cells ? material and release ? which stimulate ? , ? , ? and ?

A

phagocytose
cytokines
phagocytes
B cells
Natural Killer cells
T cells

52
Q

name 4 antigen presenting cells

A

monocyte
macrophage
interdigitating cells
dendritic cells

53
Q

many tissues contain phagocytic cells derived from ?

A

monocytes

54
Q

roles of phagocytic cells 4

A

phagocytosis
concentration of antigen
processing/presenting antigen to T cells
secretion growth factors, cytokines

55
Q

cooperation between B cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells requires ? 2

A

cell-to-cell contact
secretion of cytokines

56
Q

lymphocytes play a role in innate or adaptive immunity?

A

adaptive immunity

57
Q

lymphocytes play a role in cellular or humoural adaptive immunity?

A

both

58
Q

lymphocytes circulate all round the body, they are found in what? 3

A

blood
lymph
specialist tissue

59
Q

some lymphocytes are very long lived, these are called ?

A

memory cells - important in the memory aspect of adaptive immunity

60
Q

removal of lymphocytes results in the inability to what? 2 things

A

inability to produce antibody
inability to carry out cellular immunity

61
Q

describe the nucleus, volume, cytoplasm and organelles of a lymphocyte in general?

A

small volume
large nucleus
little cytoplasm
few organelles

62
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus
bone marrow

63
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
MALT - mucosal associated lymphoid tissue e.g. tonsils

64
Q

secondary lymphoid organ - lymph nodes react to antigens from where?

A

in lymph, entering via skin or mucosal surface

65
Q

secondary lymphoid organ - spleen reacts to antigens from where?

A

blood-borne antigens

66
Q

lymphocytes arise in the ? from a ? cell

A

bone marrow
pluripotent stem cell

67
Q

the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lymphocytes is controlled by ?

A

growth factors

68
Q

further differentiation of lymphocytes occurs where?

A

in primary lymphoid organs

69
Q

from the common lymphoid precursor 25% of the stem cells become ? in ?

A

B cells
bone marrow

70
Q

from the common lymphoid precursor 60% of the stem cells become ? in ?

A

T cells
thymus

71
Q

from the common lymphoid precursor 15% of the stem cells become ?

A

non-B, non-C lymphocytes = NK cells or large granular lymphocytes

72
Q

what are used as cell markers to study cell surfaces?

A

monoclonal antibodies

73
Q

what is the name of the system which is a way to give marker molecules that are present on the surface of specific cells a name?

A

cluster of differentiation system

74
Q

what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of helper T cells?

A

CD3
CD4

75
Q

what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cell?

A

CD3
CD8

76
Q

what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of B cells?

A

CD19
CD20

77
Q

what is the CD marker expressed on the surface of NK cells?

A

CD16

78
Q

each lymphocyte is specific for only one ?? as it has a specific antigen receptor on surface

A

antigenic determinant

79
Q

lymphocyte education occurs in where?

A

primary lymphoid organs

80
Q

lymphocyte education enables the lymphocyte to ?

A

distinguish between self and non-self

81
Q

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes don’t function unless ?

A

activated

82
Q

what causes the activation of lymphocytes?

A

binding of antigen by antigen receptor

83
Q

what happens to B cells once activated?

A

differentiates into plasma cell to produce lots of immunoglobulin
lots of rER

84
Q

what happens to T cells when activated

A

differentiate into cytotoxic T cell with granules containing proteins for killing
no rER

differentiate into helper T cells to produce growth factors or lymphokines

85
Q

the binding of antigen to lymphocyte antigen receptor causes ? which produces ? and ? for a more rapid and effective response

A

clonal expansion
activated cells
memory cells

3 Immunology (8 decks)

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