Immunodeficiency Flashcards
Which bacterial infections are assoc w/ No T Cells?
Sepsis
Which bacterial infections are assoc w/ No B Cells?
Encapsulated bacteria
What are the encapsulated bacteria?
- S. pneumoniae
- H. flu Type B
- N. meningitidis
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- Group B Strep
Which bacterial infections are assoc w/ No Granulocytes?
- Staph
- Burkholderia cepacia
- Serratia
- Nocardia
Which bacterial infections are assoc w/ No Complement?
Neisseria (no MAC)
Which viral infections are assoc w/ No T cells?
- CMV
- EBV
- VZV
- Chronic infection w/ Resp/GI virus
Which Viral infections are assoc w/ No B cells?
- Enteroviral encephalitis
- Poliovirus (live vaccine CI)
Which viral infections are assoc w/ No granulocytes?
N/A
Which viral infections are assoc w/ No Complement?
N/A
Which Fungi/parasite infections are assoc w/ No T cells?
Candida & PCP
Which Fungi/parasite infections are assoc w/ No B cells?
GI giardiasis (no IgA)
Which Fungi/parasite infections are assoc w/ No Granulocytes?
Candida & Asperigillus
Which Fungi/parasite infections are assoc w/ No complement?
N/A
What do B-cell deficiences tend to produce?
Recurrent bacterial infections
What do T-cell deficiences tend to produce?
More fungal & viral infections
What are the B-cell deficiency disorders?
- X-linked (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia
- Selective IgA deficiency
- Common variable immunodeficiency
What is the defect in X-linked (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia?
Defect in BTK, a tyrosine kinase gene→ no B cell maturation
X-linked recessive
How do X-linked (Burton’s) agammaglobulinemia pts present?
Recurrent bacterial infections after 6mo (dec maternal IgG) as a result of opsonization defect
What are the findings in X-linked (Bruton’s) agammaglobulinemia?
- Normal pro-B
- Dec maturation
- Dec # of B cells
- Dec Ig of all classes
What is the defect in Selective IgA deficiency?
Unknown
What is the MC primary immunodeficiency?
Selective IgA deficiency
How do pts present w/ Selective IgA deficiency?
- Majority asx
- Sinopulmonary infections
- GI infections
- Autoimmune dz
- Anaphylaxis to IgA-containing blood products
What are the findings of Selective IgA deficiency?
- IgA ,7mg/dL w/ normal IgG, IgM & IgG vaccine titers
- False + ß-HCG tests d/t presence of heterophile Ab
What is the defect in Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)?
Defect in B-cell maturation
Many causes
How do CVID pts present?
- Can be acquired in 20-30s
- Inc risk of AI dz
- Lymphoma
- Sinopulmonary infections
What are the findings in CVID?
- Normal # of B cells
- Dec plasma cells
- Ig
What are the T cell deficiency disorders?
- Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge synd)
- IL-12 receptor deficiency
- Hyper-IgE synd (Job’s synd)
- Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
What is the defect in DiGeorge synd?
22q11 deletion
Failure to develop 3rd &4th pharyngeal pouches
How do DiGeorge synd pts present?
- Tetany (hypocalcemia)
- Recurrent viral/fungal infections (T cell def)
- Congenital heart & great vessel defects
What are the findings in DiGeorge synd?
- Thymus & parathyroids fail to develop→ dec T cells, dec PTH, dec Ca2+
- Absent thymic shadow on CXR
What is the defect in IL-12 receptor deficiency?
Dec Th1 response
How do IL-12 receptor def pts present?
Disseminated mycobacterial infections
What are the findings in IL-12 receptor def?
Dec IFN-gamma
What is the defect in Job’s synd?
Th1 cells fail to produce IFN-gamma→ inability of neutrophils to respond to chemotactic stimuli
How do Job’s synd pts present?
- Coarse facies
- Cold (noninflammed) staph abscess
- Retained primary teeth
- Inc IgE
- Dermatologic problems (eczema)
What are the findings in Job’s synd?
Inc IgE
What is the defect in Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?
T-cell dysfunction
How do Chronic mucocutaneous candiasis pts present?
Candida albicans infections of skin & mucous membranes
What are the B & T cell disorders?
- Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- Ataxia-telangectasia
- Hyper-IgM synd
- Wiskott-Aldrich synd
What is the defect in Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Several types: defective IL-2 receptor (MC, X-linked), adenosine deaminase deficiency
How do Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) pts present?
- Failure to thrive
- Chronic diarrhea
- Thrush
- Recurrent viral, bacterial, fungal & protozal infections
- Absence of thymic shadow, germinal centers & B cells
What is the tx of SCID?
Bone marrow transplant (no allograft rejection)
What are the findings in SCID?
- Dec T cell recombinant excision circles (TRECs)
- Abscence of thymic shadow, germinal centers & T cells
What is the defect in Ataxia-telangiectasia?
Defects in the ATM gene which codes for DNA repair enzymes
What is the triad in Ataxia-telangiectasia?
- Cerebellar defects (ataxia)
- Spider angiomas (telangiectasia
- IgA deficiency
What are the findings in Ataxia-telangiectasia?
Inc AFP
What is the defect in Hyper-IgM synd?
MC defective CD40L on helper T cells= inability to class switch
How do Hyper-IgM synd pts present?
Severe pyogenic infections early in life
What are the findings in Hyper-IgM synd?
- Inc IgM
- Dec IgG, IgA, IgE
What is the defect in Wiskott-Aldrich synd?
X-linked; in WAS gene on X chr→ T cells unable to reorganize actin cytoskeleton
What is the triad in Wiskott-Aldrich synd?
- Thrombocytopenic purpura
- Infections
- Eczema
What are the findings in Wiskott-Aldrich synd?
- Inc IgE, IgA
- Dec IgM
- Thrombocytopenia
What are the Phagocyte dysfunction disorders?
- Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (type I)
- Chédiak-Higashi synd
- Chronic granulomatous dz
What is the defect in Leukocyte adhesion def (Type I)?
Defect in LFA-1 integrin (CD18) protein on phagocytes
How do Leukocyte adhesion def (type I) pts present?
- Recurrent bacterial infections
- Absent pus formation
- Delayed separation of umbilical cord
What are the findings in Leukocytes adhesion def (type I)?
Neutrophilia
What is the defect in Chédiak-Higashi synd?
- Autosomal recessive
- defect in lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST)
- Microtubule dysfunction in phagosome-lysosome fusion
How do Chédiak-Higashi synd pts present?
- Recurrent pygoenic infections by staph & strep
- Partial albinism
- Peripheral neuropathy
What are the findings in Chédiak-Higashi synd?
Giant granules in neutrophils
What is the defect in Chronic granulomatous dz?
Lack of NADPH oxidase→ dec reactive oxygen species & absent respiratory burst in neutrophils
How do Chronic granulomatous dz pts present?
Inc susceptibility to catalase + organisms
What are the findings in Chronic granulomatous dz?
- ABN dihydrohodamine (DHR) flow cytometry test
- Nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test no longer preferred
What is an Autograft?
From self
What is a Syngeneic graft?
From identical twin or clone
What is an Allograft?
From nonidentical individual of same species
What is a Xenograft?
From different species
What is the onset after transplantaion in a Hyperacute rejection?
Within minutes
What is the pathogenesis of Hyperacute transplant rejection?
Ab med (type II) b/c of the presence of preformed anti-donor Ab’s in the transplant recipient
What are the features of a Hyperacute transplant rejection?
Occludes graft vessels causing ischemia & necrosis
What is the onset after transplantation in Acute rejection?
Weeks later
What is the pathogenesis of an Acute transplant rejection?
Cell-med d/t CTLs reacting against foreign MHCs. Reversible w/ immunosuppressants
What are the features of Acute transplant rejection?
Vasculitis of graft vessels w/ dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate
What is the onset after transplant in Chronic rejection?
Months to years
What is the pathogenesis of Chronic transplant rejection?
Class I-MHCnonself is perceived by CTLs as class I-MHCself presenting a non-self Ag
What are the features of Chronic transplant rejection?
- Irreversible
- T-cell & Ab-med vascular damage
- Fibrosis of graft tissue & BV’s
What is the onset after transplantation in Graft-versus-host rejection?
Varies
What is the pathogenesis of Graft-versus-host transplant rejection?
Grafted immunocompetent T cells proliferate in the irradiated immunocompromised dz host & reject cells w/ “foreign” proteins, resulting in severe organ dysfunction
What are the features of Graft-versus-host transplant rejection?
- Maculopapular rash
- Jaundice
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- Diarrhea
- Usually in BM & liver transplants